络合统血疗法治疗脾不统血证痔出血的临床疗效与安全性分析:271例门诊病例的回顾性研究

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目的:评价络合统血疗法治疗脾不统血证痔出血的临床疗效与安全性。方法:采用回顾性病例研究设计,连续纳入广州医科大学附属中医医院肛肠科门诊数据库中2023年1月5日至2025年12月24日痔出血病例。原始记录317条,去重后311例,排除4例,最终纳入307例;其中271例接受络合统血疗法,构成主要疗效与安全性分析集。全部纳入病例中医辨证均为脾不统血证。主要观察指标为治疗前后便血评分、症状总积分、止血时间、疗效分级、不良反应、复发及改行手术情况。计量资料以均数±标准差或M(P25,P75)表示,治疗前后比较采用Wilcoxon符号秩检验。结果:271例络合统血疗法患者中,男性181例(66.79%),女性90例(33.21%);年龄(47.83±16.37)岁。治疗前后便血评分分别为3.96±1.34分和0.72±1.33分,症状总积分分别为9.80±3.27分和2.01±2.37分,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.001)。止血时间为3(2,5.5)d。显效201例(74.17%),有效45例(16.61%),无效25例(9.23%),总有效率为90.77%。不良反应18例(6.64%),均为轻中度;复发32例(11.81%);改行手术9例(3.32%)。结论:在脾不统血证痔出血门诊病例中,接受络合统血疗法后,便血评分与症状总积分显著下降,且短期安全性较好。

基于智慧教室的PBL模式在肾内科住院医师临床技能带教中的应用与启示

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【摘要】 目的 评价基于智慧教室的PBL教学法在肾内科临床教学中的应用效果,并探讨该模式对提升临床科室带教同质化水平的潜在价值。方法 选取2023年9月—2024年10月在江苏大学附属医院肾内科轮转的临床医学专业学生及住院医师规范化培训学员共80名为研究对象,采用区组随机化方法分为实验组和对照组,每组40名。实验组在智慧教室环境中实施PBL教学,对照组采用传统讲授法。两组课堂学时完全一致(每周2次,每次2学时,共16学时),但实验组课前预习与课后拓展为自愿完成,未对课外学习时间进行量化记录。通过理论考核、临床技能评估、模拟临床演练评估及问卷调查评价教学效果。结果 Mini-CEX评估显示,实验组在临床判断(7.65±0.78 vs 6.82±0.85,P<0.001)和沟通技能(7.80±0.72 vs 6.95±0.88,P<0.001)维度改善最为明显,均从达标水平(4~6分)跨越至优秀水平(7~9分);临床技能考核中腹膜透析置管术成绩实验组(45.82±1.45分)高于对照组(42.15±2.03分)(t=9.24,P<0.001,Cohen's d=2.08)。实验组理论考核成绩(89.45±3.12)分高于对照组(84.23±4.56)分(t=5.89,P<0.001, Cohen's d=1.32),临床技能考核成绩(45.82±1.45)分高于对照组(42.15±2.03)分(t=9.24, P<0.001, Cohen's d=2.08)。实验组在学习动机、课堂互动性和学习效率方面自评优于对照组(P<0.05),但团队合作能力培养两组差异无统计学意义(62.5% vs 52.5%, P=0.340)。结论 该联合模式能有效促进规培生临床核心胜任力的转化,可为临床科室高仿真技能带教提供实操路径。
论著

TAP 水平与乳腺癌分子分型、临床病理特征的相关性分析

Relationship between TAP level and molecular typing and clinicopathological features of breast cancer

:359-366
 
       目的  探讨TAP水平与乳腺癌分子亚型及临床病理参数之间的相关性。方法  以2021年3月—2025年1月期间收治的150例乳腺癌病例为样本,采用静脉采血方式测定TAP凝聚物表面积指标,通过免疫组织化学EnVision双步染色技术,对雌激素受体(ER)、雄激素受体(AR)、孕激素受体(PR)、Ki-67及p53等表达水平进行分析,采用荧光原位杂交(FISH)对人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)基因扩增状态进行检测。结果  150例患者中,TAP强阳性131例,TAP弱阳性15例,TAP阴性4例,TAP阳性率97.33%。免疫表型:ER阴性43例,ER阳性107例;AR阳性133例,AR阴性17例;PR阴性60例,PR阳性90例;p53阳性73例,p53阴性77例;HER2强阳性41例,HER2弱阳性89例,HER2阴性20例;Ki-67增殖指数≥20% 116例,Ki-67增殖指数<20% 34例。FISH对65例免疫组织化学检测结果为HER2(2+ )的乳腺癌病例进行基因扩增状态分析,其中阳性7例,阴性58例。Ki-67高增殖组TAP表达水平显著高于低增殖组(P<0.05);不同临床分期患者TAP表达水平存在差异(P<0.05);三阴型、HER2阳性型、Luminal A型和Luminal B型的患者之间的TAP表达水平存在差异(P<0.05),各分子分型(HER2阳性型、三阴型、Luminal A型和Luminal B型)与其对应非分型组的TAP表达均无统计学差异(均P>0.05)。结论  TAP在乳腺癌中广泛表达,且与Ki-67增殖指数、临床分期呈正相关。虽然不同分子分型间TAP表达存在总体差异,但具体亚型对比未显示显著性,后期需扩大样本量验证。
       Objective  To explore the relationship between tumor abnormal protein(TAP)level and molecular typing and clinicopathological features of breast cancer.Methods  A total of 150 breast cancer cases admitted from March 2021 to January 2025 were enrolled in this study.The surface area of TAP condensates was measured using venous blood samples.The expression levels of estrogen receptor(ER),androgen receptor(AR),progesterone receptor(PR),Ki-67,and P53 were analyzed via immunohistochemistry(IHC)using the EnVision two-step staining technique.The amplification status of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2+)gene was determined using fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH).Results  Among 150 patients,131 cases were strongly positive,15 cases were weakly positive and 4 cases were negative,with a positive rate of 97.33%.Immunophenotype:ER positive in 107 cases and ER negative in 43 cases,133 cases were  positive for AR and  17 cases were negative,PR was positive in 90 cases and negative in 60 cases,73 cases were positive for p53 and 77 cases were negative.HER2 is strongly positive in 41 cases,weakly positive in 89 cases and negative in 20 cases.There were 116 cases with Ki-67 proliferation index ≥ 20% and 34 cases with Ki-67 proliferation index < 20%.Sixty-five cases of breast cancer HER2(2 )were detected in the later stage.by FISH,of which 7 cases were positive and 58 cases were negative.The expression level of TAP in patients with high Ki-67 proliferation index was higher than that in patients with low Ki-67 proliferation index(P<0.05).The expression level of TAP in patients with different clinical stages was different(P<0.05).There were differences in TAP expression levels among patients with triple negative type,HER2 positive type,Luminal A type and Luminal B type(P<0.05).There was no statistical difference in TAP expression between each molecular type(triple negative type,HER2 positive type,Luminal A type and Luminal B type)and its corresponding non-typing group(all P>0.05).Conclusions  TAP is widely expressed in breast cancer,and it is positively correlated with Ki-67 proliferation index and clinical stage.Although there is a general difference in TAP expression among different molecular typing,the comparison of specific subtypes shows no significance,and it needs to be verified by expanding the sample size 
论著

补肾益气方肾俞膏摩治疗结直肠癌康复期癌因性疲乏的临床观察及疗效评价:一项随机对照试验

Clinical observation and curative effect evaluation of Shenshu Tuina combined with Bushen Yiqi herbal ointment on cancer-induced fatigue in convalescent stage of colorectal cancer

:333-340
 
       目的  观察补肾益气方肾俞膏摩治疗结直肠癌康复期癌因性疲乏的临床疗效。方法  收集2023年6月—2024年6月结直肠癌康复期的80例住院及门诊患者,随机平均分为两组。行常规对症支持治疗的为对照组;在常规对症支持治疗上加用补肾益气方肾俞膏摩的为干预组;两组均连续治疗14天。于开始治疗前1天和治疗结束后1天分别进行疗效评估相关指标检测。于治疗前1天、治疗第7天和第14天进行不良反应检测。结果 干预组治疗后Piper评分、中医证候总积分、PSQI评分、KPS评分及免疫功能指标(CD3+  、CD4+、CD8+  、CD4+ /CD8+ )较治疗前均有明显改善;干预组发生不良反应少于对照组。结论  补肾益气方肾俞膏摩治疗能够有效改善结直肠癌患者的癌因性疲乏的治疗效果,提高生活质量和免疫功能,减少不良反应。
       Objective  To observe the clinical observation of Shenshu Tuina combined with Bushen Yiqi herbal ointment in the treatment of cancer-induced fatigue in the convalescent stage of colorectal cancer and evaluate the efficacy.Methods  From June 2023 to June 2025,80 inpatients and outpatients of colorectal cancer in the  recovery period were collected and  randomly divided into two groups.The patients who received routine symptomatic supportive treatment were enrolled as the control group.The intervention group was given Shenshu Tuina combined with Bushen Yiqi herbal ointment on the basis of control group.The relevant indicators for efficacy evaluation were tested one day before treatment and one day after the end of treatment.Adverse reactions were detected on the day before treatment,theseventh day and 14th day during treatment.Results  The efficacy evaluation indexes of the intervention group after treatment were obviously improved compared with those before treatment.Adverse  reactions occurred less in the intervention group than in the control group.Conclusions  Shenshu Tuina combined with Bushen Yiqi herbal ointment can effectively improve the treatment effect of cancer-induced fatigue in patients with colorectal cancer,improve the quality of life and immune function,reduce adverse reactions.
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胸部肿瘤术后早期排痰的临床研究

Clinical study on early expectoration after thoracic tumor surgery

:327-332
 
       目的  探讨胸部肿瘤患者手术后早期排痰的效果,降低肺部并发症的发生率。方法  选择2024年6月—2025年7月在本院进行胸部肿瘤切除的60例术后患者作为研究对象。采用非同期回顾对照设计,以不同时间段病例分组,分为对照组(n=30)和观察组(n=30)。两组胸部手术后患者均给予常规围术期护理,观察组胸部手术后患者增加早期排痰护理。统计两组排痰效果[咳痰难度、血氧饱和度(SPO2)]变化、疼痛评分,并统计两组肺部相关并发症及住院时间进行比较。结果  观察组患者术后的SPO2水平高于对照组(P<0.05),咳痰难度评分低于对照组患者(P<0.05)。干预后第B、C时间点观察组患者的疼痛评分均低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组住院时间短于对照组(P<0.05),胸部并发症总发生率低于对照组(P<0.05),满意度高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论  胸部肿瘤术后早期排痰有助于促进术后患者排痰,减少肺部相关发症,缩短住院时间。
       Objective  To investigate the efficacy of early expectoration management in reducing pulmonary complications for patients following thoracic tumor surgery.Methods  Sixty patients undergoing thoracic tumor  resection at our hospital between 2024 and 2025 were enrolled.A non-concurrent retrospective control design was adopted.Cases were grouped according to different time periods,divided into a control group(n=30)and an observation group(n=30).The control group  received  standard perioperative care,while the observation group received additional early expectoration nursing interventions.Outcome measures included expectoration efficacy(assessed by cough difficulty score and oxygen saturation[SpO2]),pain scores,incidence of pulmonary complications,and hospital stay duration.Results  Postoperative SpO2 levels were higher in the observation group than in the control group (P<0.05),while cough difficulty scores were significantly lower(P<0.05).At time points B and C after the intervention,the pain scores of patients in the observation group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The observation group demonstrated a significantly shorter hospital stay(P<0.05),a lower overall incidence of thoracic complicationsP<0.05),and higher patient satisfaction  than the control group(P<0.05).Conclusions  Implementing early expectoration protocols after thoracic tumor surgery facilitates sputum clearance can reduce pulmonary complications,and shorten hospitalization time.
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四子散中药封包药熨在股骨骨折患者术后疼痛及肿胀中的临床疗效及安全性

Clinical efficacy and safety of Sizi powder pack hot compress in postoperative pain and swelling of patients with femoral fracture surgery

:221-224
 
        目的 探究四子散中药封包药熨在股骨骨折术后疼痛及肿胀中的临床疗效及安全性。方法 选取2024年6月—2025年5月婺源县人民医院骨科收治的60例股骨骨折术后患者, 随机分为观察组(30例,常规治疗+四子散中药封包药熨)与对照组(30例,常规治疗)。比较两组治疗前后疼痛评分(NRS-11)、肿胀程度评分、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平及不良事件发生率。结果 治疗前两组患者疼痛、肿胀评分、CRP、IL-6水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05); 治疗1周后,观察组疼痛评分为(2.11±0.48)分、肿胀程度为(0.35±0.43)度、CRP为(12.23±3.12)mg/L、IL-6为(16.03±4.01)ng/L,均低于对照组的(3.54±0.56)分、(1.04±0.58)度、(24.31±4.51)mg/L、(23.19±6.75)ng/L,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。观察组与对照组均无发生不良事件。结论 四子散中药封包药熨可缓解股骨骨折术后疼痛及肿胀,安全性良好。
       Objective To explore the clinical efficacy and safety of Sizi powder pack hot compress in the treatment of pain and swelling after femoral fracture surgery.Methods From June 2024 to May 2025, 60 patients after femoral fracture surgery were admitted to the Orthopedics Department of Wuyuan County People's Hospital and randomly divided into observation group(30 cases, conventional treatment+Sizi power pack hot compress)and control group(30 cases, conventional treatment). The pain score(NRS-11), swelling score, CRP,IL-6 levels and incidence of adverse events before and after treatment were compared between the two groups.Results There was no significant difference in pain and swelling scores between the two groups before treatment(P>0.05).After 1 week of treatment, the pain score(2.11±0.48), swelling score(0.35±0.43), CRP(12.23±3.12 mg/L), IL-6(16.03±4.01 ng/L)levels in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(3.54±0.56, 1.04±0.58, 24.31±4.51 mg/L, 16.03+4.01 ng/L), and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.001).There were no adverse events in the observation group or the control group.Conclusions Sizi power pack hot compress can significantly alleviate the pain and swelling after femoral fracture surgery,and with good safety.
论著

延边州 70 例布鲁氏菌病临床特点分析

Clinical characteristics of 70 cases of brucellosis in Yanbian Prefecture

:100-104
 
      目的   分析布鲁氏菌病的临床表现以及实验室检查结果中的关键特征,系统总结布鲁氏菌病的诊断流程和治疗策略。方法   选择2013年11月—2023年11月在延边大学附属医院通过血清虎红平板凝集试验(RBT)及试管凝集试验(SAT)检测技术确诊的70名布鲁氏菌病住院病例,对患者的流行病学资料、临床表现特征以及常规实验室检查结果进行回顾性分析,进而总结临床特点。结果  70例布鲁氏菌病患者中,男性占84.29%,中位年龄45岁(IQR 35~58岁);91.43%具有牛/羊接触史。急性期占92.86%,主要症状为发热(100%)、多汗(88.57%)、关节痛(84.29%)及肝脾肿大(55.71%),90%为不规则热型。误诊率27.14%,多误诊为败血症或骨关节疾病。联合抗菌药物治疗(利福平+多西环素)有效。结论   延边州布鲁氏菌病非典型症状(如不规则热型)增加导致误诊率高。流行病学史(牛/羊接触史)是诊断关键。需强化对有牛羊接触史人群的防护意识及措施,提高临床对接触史线索和不规则热型等非典型表现的识别能力,规范治疗并控制传染源以遏制疫情。
   Objective  To analyze the clinical manifestations of  brucellosis and the  key characteristics in laboratory testing,and systematically summarize the diagnostic process and treatment strategies of brucellosis.Methods  The 70 patients with brucellosis diagnosed via rose bengal test(RBT)and standard agglutination test(SAT) were at Yanbian University Affiliated 
Hospital from November 2013 to November 2023.This study conducted a retrospective analysis of the epidemiological data,clinical manifestations and routine laboratory pathological examination data of these patients,and the characteristics of clinical changes were summarized.Results  Among the 70 patients with brucellosis,84.29% were male,with a median age of 45(IQR 35-58);91.43% patients had a history of cattle/sheep exposure.The acute phase accounted for 92.86%,and the main symptoms were fever(100%),sweating(88.57%),arthragia(84.29%),hepatosplenomegaly(55.71%),and 90% were irregular fever.The misdiagnosis rate was 27.14%,and most of them were misdiagnosed as sepsis or osteoarthritis.Combined treatment with antibiotics(rifampin + doxycycline)was effective.Conclusions  The increase in atypical symptoms(such as irregular heat type)leads to a high misdiagnosis rate.Epidemiological history(cattle/sheep contact)is the key to diagnosis.It is necessary to strengthen occupational protection and atypical case identification,standardize treatment and control the source of infection to curb the epidemic.
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桂枝加芍药汤个体化干预治疗儿童功能性腹痛的临床效果观察

Clinical effect observation of individualized intervention of Guizhi plus Shaoyao Decoction in the treatment of functional abdominal pain disorders in children

:95-99
 
        目的   观察桂枝加芍药汤个体化干预治疗儿童功能性腹痛的临床疗效。方法   选取2023年100名在广东省妇幼保健院门急诊就诊确诊为儿童功能性腹痛患儿。100名儿童随机分为两组,益生菌组50名、益生菌+中药个体化干预组50名。连续治疗1周。记录两组患儿卧立位心率、卧立位血压、Rutter 儿童行为量表和中医临床症状的改善情况。结果   益生菌+中药个体化干预组患儿治疗后卧立位心率和Rutter儿童行为量表中N行为评分比益生菌组下降,中医临床症状评分的有效率优于益生菌组。结论   桂枝加芍药汤个性化干预治疗儿童功能性腹痛疗效显著。
    Objective  To observe the clinical efficacy of individualized intervention with Guizhi plus Shaoyao Decoction in children with functional abdominal pain disorders(FAPDs).Methods  A total  of  100  children  diagnosed with  FAPDs at the outpatient and emergency departments of Guangdong Women and Children Hospital were selected.These children were randomly divided into two groups:the probiotics group(50 cases)and the probiotics+traditional Chinese medicine individualized intervention group(50 cases).Both groups received continuous treatment for 1 week.Parameters including  supine/upright heart rates,supine/upright blood pressure,Rutter Children’s Behavior Questionnaire,and improvements in traditional Chinese clinical symptom scores were recorded.Results  The probiotics+traditional Chinese medicine individualized intervention group exhibited significantly greater reductions in supine/upright heart rates and N-behavior scores compared to the probiotics group.The effective rate of Chinese clinical symptom scores was also significantly higher in the individualized intervention group.Conclusions  Individualized intervention of Guizhi plus Shaoyao Decoction has a remarkable efficacy in treating FAPDs in children.
论著

临床特征联合外周血血管内皮生长因子和 α- 羟基丁酸脱氢酶对卵巢癌的诊断价值

Diagnostic value of clinical features combined with peripheral blood vascular endothelial growth factor and α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase levels in ovarian cancer

:77-82
 
        目的   探讨临床特征联合外周血血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)与α-羟基丁酸脱氢酶(α-HBDH)对卵巢癌的诊断价值。方法   选取2022年6月—2024年6月在天津市中心妇产科医院妇科接收的84例卵巢癌恶性肿瘤患者纳入观察组,同期选取84例卵巢良性病变患者纳入对照组。对比两组患者临床资料及VEGF、α-HBDH水平的差异,分析VEGF、α-HBDH水平与卵巢癌恶性肿瘤患者临床特征的相关性。采用二元Logistics回归分析卵巢癌恶性肿瘤的独立危险因素,并采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析VEGF、α-HBDH水平诊断卵巢癌恶性肿瘤的价值。结果   观察组年龄、身体质量指数(BMI)及血清CA125、HE4、VEGF、α-HBDH水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),VEGF与α-HBDH水平与国际妇产科联盟(FIGO)分期、分化等级及淋巴结转移均呈正相关关系(P<0.05)。将年龄、BMI、VEGF、α-HBDH作为自变量纳入二元Logistic回归,结果显示BMI、VEGF、α-HBDH是卵巢癌恶性肿瘤的影响因素(P<0.05),ROC曲线分析显示,联合检测VEGF和α-HBDH的AUC达0.921,灵敏度和特异度分别为81.0%和91.7%,优于单独检测(VEGF:AUC=0.702;α-HBDH:AUC=0.796)。结论  BMI联合VEGF与α-HBDH检测可为卵巢癌的诊断提供高效、无创的辅助手段,具有重要临床应用潜力
      Objective  To explore the  diagnostic value of clinical features combined with  peripheral  blood vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase(α-HBDH)levels in ovarian cancer.Methods  A total of 84 patients with malignant ovarian cancer admitted to the gynecology department of Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics from June 2022 to June 2024 were included in the observation group,and 84 patients with benign ovarian lesions during the same period were included in the control group.The clinical data and VEGF,α-HBDH levels of the two groups were compared.Pearson analysis was used to explore the correlation between VEGF,α-HBDH levels,and clinical characteristics of patients with malignant ovarian cancer.Binary Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify independent risk factors for malignant ovarian cancer,and receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves were used to analyze the diagnostic value of VEGF and α-HBDH levels for malignant ovarian cancer.Results  The observation group had significantly higher age,BMI,and serum CA125,HE4,VEGF,α-HBDH levels compared to the control group(P<0.05).VEGF and α-HBDH levels were significantly positively correlated with FIGO stage,differentiation grade,and lymph node metastasis(P<0.05).Age,BMI,VEGF,and α-HBDH were included as independent variables in binary Logistic regression,and the results showed that BMI,VEGF,and α-HBDH levelswere independent risk factors for malignant ovarian cancer(P<0.05).ROC curve analysis  revealed that the AUC for combined detection of VEGF and α-HBDH reached 0.921,with sensitivity and specificity of 81.0% and 91.7%,respectively,significantly superior to individual detection(VEGF:AUC=0.702;α-HBDH:AUC=0.796).Conclusions  The detection of BMI combined with VEGF and α-HBDH levels can provide an efficient and noninvasive auxiliary means for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer,which has important clinical application potential.
论著

新型穿戴式气压治疗仪预防深静脉血栓的非劣效性临床研究

Evaluation of new type of wearable pneumatic compression pump in prevention of deep vein thrombosis:A non-inferiority study

:1663-1668
 
       目的   评价新型穿戴式气压治疗仪预防深静脉血栓的临床疗效及安全性。方法   将156例脑梗死患者随机分为对照组和试验组,各78例。试验组使用新型穿戴式气压治疗仪(邦普医疗/VW100)进行气压治疗。对照组使用韩国元金压力治疗仪进行气压治疗。两组疗程均为10 d,观察临床疗效及安全性,比较两组深静脉血栓形成率、医护人员和患者的使用满意度。结果   治疗10 d后,试验组与对照组深静脉血栓未发生率差值为1.2%,相应的95%置信区间为–5.3%~7.9%,下限高于–10%,医护人员和患者对试验组的评价优于对照组(P<0.001)。结论   新型穿戴式气压治疗仪预防深静脉血栓形成的临床疗效不劣于市面上已有的气压治疗仪,治疗过程中未见明显不良反应,临床使用安全有效。
        Objective  To  evaluate the  effectiveness  and  safety  of  new wearable  pneumatic  compression  pump in preventing deep vein thrombosis.Methods  One hundred and fifty-six patients with cerebral infarction were randomly divided into control and study group with 78 cases in each group.Study group was treated with the new wearable pneumatic compression pump(Bangpu Medical / VW100).Control group was treated with pneumatic compression pump(Wonjin-POWER).The course of both groups was 10 days,comparing the deep vein thrombosis  rate and useage satisfaction of patients and staffs between the two groups.Results  After 10 days of treatment,the difference between the incidence of deep venous thrombosis in the study and control group was 1.2%.The corresponding 95% confidence interval was(-5.3%,7.9%),and the lower limit was greater than -10%.The appraisal from medical staffs and the patients of study group was better than that of the control group(P<0.001).Conclusions  The clinical effect of the new wearable pneumatic compression pump to prevent deep vein thrombosis is not inferior to the existing pneumatic compression pump,which clinical practice experience is better.There is no obvious adverse reactions in the treatment process,and the clinical practice is also safe and effective.
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