与正常组织细胞微环境相比,肿瘤微环境具有一定的异质性,包括偏酸性、氧化还原状态失衡、存在高浓度活性氧以及酶过量表达等。根据以上肿瘤微环境特点,可设计出一系列通过各种特殊微环境响应型连接臂相连的小分子或聚合物前药纳米粒。其中,多柔比星阿霉素作为一类最常见的广谱抗肿瘤药物在治疗肿瘤的过程中发挥重要作用。文章探讨了在肿瘤微环境特异性的生理状态下针对不同微环境所设计的多柔比星前药及其释放特性等,归纳总结了肿瘤微环境响应型多柔比星前药的研究进展。

Compared with normal tissue cell microenvironment, there is some differences in tumor microenvironment, such as partial acidity, imbalance of redox state, high concentration of reactive oxygen species and cathepsin. According to the above characteristics of tumor microenvironment, a series of small molecule or polymer prodrug nanoparticles connected by various special microenvironment responsive structures can be designed. Doxorubicin, as one of the most common broad-spectrum antitumor drugs, plays an important role in the treatment of tumors. This review discusses the doxorubicin prodrug designed for different tumor microenvironments under the physiological state of tumor microenvironment specificity and their release characteristics, and summarizes the research progress of tumor microenvironment-responsive doxorubicin prodrug.

       随着糖尿病患者的增加,因肺炎住院的糖尿病患者数也呈现出明显上升趋势。由于糖代谢紊乱及机体免疫功能下降等因素,细菌在高血糖的机体环境中快速繁殖并分泌大量毒素,增加了抗菌药物使用的时间跨度和细菌清除难度,对患者预后造成了极大的威胁。文章主要对糖尿病合并细菌性肺炎患者的病原学特征、耐药情况及药物治疗等进行阐述,旨在进一步为临床预防和治疗提供参考依据。

        With the increasing incidence in diabetes, the number of hospitalized diabetes patients with pneumonia is also increasing. Due to factors such as glucose metabolism disorders and decreased immune function in the body, bacteria rapidly multiply and secrete a large amount of toxins in the hyperglycemic environment,increasing the duration of antibiotic use and the difficulty of bacterial clearance, posing a great threat to patient prognosis. This article mainly elaborates on the pathogenic characteristics, drug resistance, and drug treatment of diabetes patients with bacterial pneumonia, aiming to provide reference for the clinical prevention and treatment.

        先天性血管瘤（CH）是一种较为罕见的良性血管肿瘤，出生前瘤体已经存在，按照出生后瘤体的生长特征可分为4类：不消退型CH、部分消退型CH、快速消退型CH以及迟发性扩张型CH。不同类型的CH其临床特征及治疗方式不同。结合近年CH的研究进展报道，文章对CH的发病机制、临床特征、诊断及治疗着重进行综述，以期更好地为临床诊治提供指导。

        Congenital hemangioma（CH）is a relatively rare benign vascular tumor that is present before birth．Based on the growth characteristics of CH after birth，CH can be classified into four types：non-involuting congenital hemangioma，partially involuting congenital hemangioma，rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma，and delayed expanding congenital hemangioma．Different types of CH exhibit distinct clinical features and require different treatment approaches．This  review focuses on  recent research advances in CH，including its pathogenesis，clinical characteristics，diagnosis，and treatment，aiming to provide better guidance for clinical practice．

       无创正压通气的使用是患者发生鼻面部压力性损伤的重要原因之一，随着我国防控政策的放开，新增老年新冠感染患者急剧增加。文章对使用无创正压通气发生相关压力性损伤现状进行综述，介绍老年患者使用无创正压通气发生鼻面部压力性损伤的主要影响因素、评估方法以及预防措施现状，旨在为临床医务人员预防其相关压力性损伤提供参考。

       The use of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation is one of the important reasons for nasal and facial pressure injuries in patients．With the release of China's epidemic prevention policy，the number of new elderly patients with COVID-19 has increased dramatically．This paper summarizes the current situation of stress injuries caused by noninvasive positive pressure ventilation，introduces the main influencing factors，evaluation methods and prevention measures of nasal and facial stress injuries in elderly patients with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation，aiming to provide a reference for clinical medical personnel to prevent their related stress injuries．

        放射治疗（放疗）可以提高妇科恶性肿瘤患者的总体生存率，降低复发率，增加手术机会。但肿瘤周围的健康组织不可避免地会进入电离辐射区域从而导致阴道狭窄、缩短和失去弹性，文章结合近年来国内外的放疗后阴道损伤治疗方式进行综述，总结分析治疗的优缺点，旨在为放疗后阴道损伤的临床治疗提供帮助。

       Radiotherapy can improve the overall survival rate，reduce the  recurrence  rate and increase the chance of surgery in patients with gynecological malignant tumors．However，the healthy tissue around the tumor can inevitably be included the ionizing radiation area，resulting in vaginal stenosis，shortening and loss of elasticity．This paper reviews the treatment methods of post-radiotherapy vaginal injury at home and abroad in recent years，to summarize and analyze theadvantages and disadvantages of treatment，aiming to provide help for the clinical treatment of post-radiotherapy vaginal injury．

       受现代人们生活、饮食习惯改变、心理压力增加和睡眠质量下降等因素影响，胃食管反流病的发病率逐渐增加，对患者的工作生活和情绪造成了极大的影响。自我管理能够以患者为中心，提高患者在疾病治疗中的参与度，节约医疗资源，被广泛应用在慢性病管理中。而胃食管反流病患者的自我管理仍处于初步发展阶段，缺少科学、系统的评估工具和能够广泛实行的干预流程。文章通过对胃食管反流病患者的自我管理的概念、评估工具、干预方案等方面进行综述， 旨在为胃食管反流病患者自我管理的干预提供参考。

       As modern lifestyles and dietary habits change，psychological stress increases，and sleep quality declines，the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease（GERD）has been rising．This condition significantly impacts patients' work，daily life，and emotional well-being．Self-management，which centers on patient involvement，enhances participation in disease treatment，conserves medical resources，and is widely used in managing chronic diseases．However，self-management for GERD patients is still in its early stages，lacking scientifically systematic assessment tools and broadly applicable intervention protocols．This study reviews the concepts，assessment tools，and  intervention programs of self-management GERD patients，aiming to provide reference for the intervention of self-management of GERD patients．

       戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）是导致急性肝炎的重要病原体，部分HEV感染者可进展为肝衰竭，此外，慢性感染和肝外表现可也在HEV感染者中发生。全球每年感染HEV的患者数达2000万，其中330万例患者有肝炎相关的临床症状，年死亡例数约为4.4万（2015年数据）。在我国，HEV以散发流行为主。近年来由于对其研究的重视，HEV病原学、流行病学、临床诊疗和预防取得较大的进展，文章拟对目前HEV防治热点以及新进展进行总结和分析。

       Hepatitis E virus（HEV）is an important pathogen that causes acute hepatitis．Some HEV-infected individuals 

may progress to liver failure．In addition，chronic infection（including liver fibrosis and cirrhosis）and extrahepatic manifestations can also occur in HEV infection．Worldwide，there are 20 million cases of HEV infection each year，with  3.3 million cases presenting clinical symptoms related to hepatitis，and an annual death toll of approximately 44，000（data from 2015）．In China，HEV mainly present as sporadic outbreaks．In recent years，there has been significant progress in the pathogenesis，epidemiology，clinical diagnosis and treatment，and prevention of HEV．This review aims to summarize and analyze the current hotspots and new developments in the prevention and treatment of HEV．

       卵巢癌是导致女性死亡的全球第五大原因，其治疗效果受限于早期诊断和治疗方案的有限性。近年来，随着靶向治疗的不断发展，细胞死亡途径作为治疗靶点受到广泛关注，其中双硫死亡作为一种新发现的程序性细胞死亡形式，为癌症治疗提供了新的思路。文章探讨了双硫死亡及其他主要细胞死亡途径包括自噬、细胞焦亡、坏死性凋亡、铁死亡和铜死亡在卵巢癌治疗中的研究进展，有望为卵巢癌患者提供更有效的治疗选择。

    Ovarian cancer ranks as the fifth deadliest cancer among women worldwide，with treatment efficacy hampered 

by limited early diagnosis and therapeutic options．In recent years，with the continuous development of targeted therapies，cell death pathways have gained widespread attention as therapeutic targets．Among them，disulfideptosis，a newly discovered form of programmed cell death，offers a novel avenue for cancer treatment．This review aims to explore the research progress of disulfideptosis and other major cell death pathways including autophagy，apoptosis，necroptosis，ferroptosis，and cuproptosis in ovarian cancer therapy，with the potential to provide more effective treatment options for ovarian cancer patients．

       自发性脑出血（SICH）是脑卒中的一种常见形式，其预后通常较差，因此早期评估和调节患者出血后的免疫状态至关重要。免疫检查点是评估T淋巴细胞活跃性和增殖状态的关键指标，监测这些检查点有助于预测脑出血患者的预后。程序性死亡蛋白1（PD-1）和细胞分化抗原28（CD28）作为两个典型的免疫检查点，它们在脑出血预后评估中的应用正逐渐成为研究的热点。该文综述了脑出血后机体免疫状态的变化，以及PD-1和CD28在脑出血后评估和治疗中的研究进展。

       Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage（SICH）is a common cause of stroke，with  specific outcomes often being poor．Therefore，early assessment and modulation of the immune status after hemorrhage are of critical importance．Immune checkpoints serve as key indicators for assessing the activation and proliferation of T cells，and monitoring these checkpoints can help to predict the outcomes of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage．PD-1（programmed death 1）and CD28（Cluster of Differentiation 28）are two representative immune checkpoints，and their use in prognostic assessment after intracerebral hemorrhage is becoming a focus of research．This article reviews the changes in the immune state of the body after intracerebral hemorrhage，as well as the research progress on the use of PD-1 and CD28 in the evaluation and treatment following intracerebral hemorrhage．

       耳鸣是一种常见的耳部疾病，它会导致患者感到耳内发出刺耳的嗡嗡声，并且可能会影响听力。这种症状在中老年人中尤其常见，特别是身体虚弱的人。该文从中医、西医两个角度，对耳鸣的治疗进行整理综述，以期为探索耳鸣的中西医结合疗法提供思路。

    Tinnitus is a common ear disease，it can make patients feel screeched ears buzzing，and may affect the hearing．These symptoms in middle-aged and old people are particularly common，especially the weak．In this paper，from two angles of traditional Chinese medicine，western medicine，treatment of tinnitus are summerized，which will provide the new way to find the combine traditional Chinese and western medicine treatment of tinnitus．