先天性血管瘤的研究进展

来源期刊：广州医药 | 1021-1027 发布时间：2025-08-20 收稿时间：2025/9/18 17:04:42 阅读量：239

作者：: 张丽琪,

黄晓烨,

斯文越,

李海波,

杨开颖,

关键词：: 先天性血管瘤发病机制临床特征治疗研究进展; congenital hemangioma pathogenesis clinical feature treatment research progress

DOI：: 10. 20223 / j. cnki. 1000-8535. 2025. 08. 002

收稿时间：: 2025-02-08
修订日期：
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引用总数：: 0

先天性血管瘤（CH）是一种较为罕见的良性血管肿瘤，出生前瘤体已经存在，按照出生后瘤体的生长特征可分为4类：不消退型CH、部分消退型CH、快速消退型CH以及迟发性扩张型CH。不同类型的CH其临床特征及治疗方式不同。结合近年CH的研究进展报道，文章对CH的发病机制、临床特征、诊断及治疗着重进行综述，以期更好地为临床诊治提供指导。

杨开颖 医学博士，广州医科大学附属妇女儿童医疗中心博士后。广东省基础与应用基础研究基金项目评审专家、广州市科学技术局科技专家库专家，广州市卫生健康委员会优秀人才。研究方向为皮肤血管肿瘤与脉管畸形的发病机制与临床诊治。目前主持中国博士后科学基金面上项目1项，主持广东省基础与应用基础研究基金自然科学基金面上项目2项，广州市基础与应用基础研究基金青年博士启航项目1项，广州市妇女儿童医疗中心博士科研启动基金1项。此外，担任本科生指导老师，获广州医科大学2025学年度省级大学生创新创业训练计划项目1项、广州医科大学2024—2025学年度校级大学生创新创业训练计划项目1项、广州医科大学2024-2025年度儿科学院大学生科技创新项目1项。担任BMC Pediatrics编委，Precision Clinical Medicine首届青年编委以及Medicine Advances青年编委；同时担任《广州医药》杂志与《实用医学杂志》首届青年编委。以第一或通讯作者（含共同）在Journal of the AmericanAcademy of Dermatology、Journal of Translational Medicine等期刊上发表SCI论文10篇，在《中华小儿外科杂志》与《中华皮肤科杂志》等期刊上发表论文10篇。

先天性血管瘤（congenital hemangioma，CH）是临床上较为罕见的良性血管肿瘤。1996年，Boon等^［1］首次将孕期母体子宫内即存在、出生时已生长至最大体积、出生后快速消退的血管瘤命名为CH。2001年，Boon等^［2］与Enjolras等^［3］均报道了出生后“不消退”的C H病例。2004年，Mulliken等^［4］首次将CH分为2类：快速消退型先天性血管瘤（rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma，RICH）与不消退型先天性血管瘤（non-involuting congenital hemangioma，NICH）。RICH与NICH在均出生前已存在，出生时瘤体已生长至最大，出生后瘤体均不再生长，但RICH可快速消退，而NICH却不会消退，其瘤体会随患者生长成比例扩大。2014年Nasseri等^［5］发现部分CH前期呈现出与RICH类似的消退特性但并未完全消退，后期又表现为类似NICH特征即瘤体保持稳定，这种兼具RICH与NICH特性的CH被称为部分消退型CH（partially involuting congenital hemangiomas，PICH）。同年，国际脉管异常研究协会（International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies，ISSVA）将CH正式分为3类：RICH、NICH及PICH^［6］。此外，有研究发现部分CH在出生后仍可呈现继续生长特性，称其为迟发性扩张型CH（tardive expansion congenital hemangioma，TECH）^［7-9］。综合近期对CH的研究报道，本文将从发病机制、临床特征、影像学表现、诊断与治疗等多方面对CH进行归纳综述，以期更好地为临床诊治提供指导。

1 发病机制

因相关研究甚少，目前CH发病机制尚不清楚，推测其可能与以下因素有关。

1.1 胰岛素样生长因子2低表达

胰岛素样生长因子2（insulin-like growth factor 2，IGF-2）是一种有丝分裂原，具有凋亡抑制作用。IGF-2可与胰岛素样生长因子I受体结合后激活受体络氨酸激酶，进而激活细胞内信号通路。无论是在增殖期还是消退期婴幼儿血管瘤（infantile hemangioma，IH）组织，IGF-2的表达水平均高于正常皮肤组织^［10］。然而在RICH与NICH组织中，IGF-2的mRNA与蛋白表达水平远低于增殖期IH，与消退晚期或消退完成期IH的表达水平相似^［11］。IGF-2高表达，可以激活缺氧诱导因子1α（hypoxia-inducible factor-1α，HIF-1α），进而促进葡萄糖转运体1（glucose transporter 1，Glut-1）的表达升高。Glut-1不仅可以用于鉴别区分IH与CH^［12］，同时也是将胞外的葡萄糖跨膜转运至胞内的关键蛋白，为糖酵解通路提供必要底物，以供给细胞进行包括增殖、迁移等生物活动在内所需的能量^［13］。在CH中，由于IGF-2表达水平远低于IH，导致经HIF-1α诱导的Glut-1表达很低，因而从胞外摄入细胞所需主要的能量底物葡萄糖就很少，细胞增殖等所依赖的ATP生成缺乏，因而在出生后瘤体无法再继续增长。同时IGF-2的极低表达也解释了Glut-1在CH组织中不表达的原因。

1.2 GNAQ与GNA11基因体细胞突变

2016年Warman等^［14］研究通过RNA测序技术对8例CH患者的组织检测，均发现了相互排斥的嵌合错义突变存在GNAQ与GNA11基因谷氨酰胺209（Gln209）上，变异等位基因频率可高达33%；同时，也在病理切片中发现了GNAQ与GNA11 Gln209突变的存在。同年，Bruckner等研究团队也发现在CH中存在GNA11基因的体细胞突变位点c.A626C与p.Q209P^［15］。Smith等^［16］又报道了在2/3的CH中存在GNAQ与GNA11突变。GNAQ与GNA11基因体细胞突变也发现存在于如葡萄膜黑色素瘤^［17］及其他脉管源性疾病如毛细血管畸形^［18-19］等疾病。近期有学者研究发现，GNAQ与GNA11基因突变主要发生在血管畸形或良性血管肿瘤中，而恶性血管肿瘤却很罕见，提示GNAQ与GNA11基因突变可能具有诊断良恶性血管肿瘤的潜在价值^［20］。GNAQ与GNA11基因发生突变时，可以持续激活丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（ mitogen-activated protein kinase，MAPK）通路和蛋白激酶C信号传导通路，从而，进一步调节细胞的增殖、分化和凋亡程序及影响血管内皮生长因子等细胞因子的释放等变化^［21］。此外，GNAQ与GNA11基因也能活化下游Hippo/YAP信号通路，从而促进内皮细胞增殖、迁移及血管生成^［22］。以上研究表明，GNAQ与GNA11基因突变可能与CH发病相关，抑制MAPK或Hippo/YAP通路活性可能成为CH治疗的潜在靶点。

1.3 MYH9基因突变

2018年Fomchenko等首次在CH中发现一种位于MYH9蛋白关键的肌球蛋白尾部结构域的罕见有害新突变位点（c.5308C＞T，p.［Arg1770Cys］）^［23］。MYH9基因含有41个外显子，编码非肌性肌球蛋白重链ⅡA，在细胞吞噬、胞质分裂、细胞形状维持和细胞黏附中起重要作用^［19］。MYH9基因突变影响细胞的功能，可能干扰血管的正常发育和形成，从而增加CH发生的风险。

2 临床表现

由于CH发病较为罕见，其确切发病率仍然不清楚，但男女无明显性别差异。目前CH共可分为四类，即RICH、NICH、PICH与TECH。消退前，CH外观多呈紫红色圆形凸起肿物，可见扩张的静脉或毛细血管，可伴周围组织泛白；质软，皮温较周围正常组织高^［24-25］。在消退过程中，CH的颜色会逐渐变浅，由最初的鲜红色或紫红色转变为暗红色，最终可能接近正常皮肤颜色；瘤体体积迅速缩小，皮肤松弛张力降低，颜色变白，可残留扩张的毛细血管^［25］。

RICH易发于头颈部及四肢部位，多为单发病灶；在出生后不久快速消退，6~14个月病灶完全消退，残留松弛、菲薄的皮肤，皮下脂肪缺失^［24］。NICH发病较RICH更为罕见，出生后瘤体不会消退，也不伴明显增长，但瘤体大小随患者年龄增长呈比例增大^［9，26］。初始时多为卵圆形凸起，以紫红色多见，病灶周围可见苍白色圆形改变，皮温高于周围正常组织。PICH瘤体变化特点介于RICH与NICH之间，即瘤体于出生后12个月内类似RICH可自发消退，但消退程度低于RICH；然后进入缓慢消退或残留病灶，可持续数年之久。Knöpfel等^［7］与Cossio等^［8］均报道了NICH产后生长的病例，Hua等^［9］率先将其命名为TECH。TECH在所有CH类型占比最少，多位于头颈部和腹壁，早期与 NICH相似，与儿童成比例生长，但较NICH更小、隆起程度更低、毛细血管扩张更细^［9］；出生后12~61个月内可出现迟发性的显著扩张，瘤体体积逐渐变大，更隆起于皮肤浅表；瘤体表面扩张的毛细血管增多，颜色更加鲜艳^［27］。

3 影像学特征

影像学检查有彩色多普勒超声（彩超）、磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging，MRI）及血管造影等。超声检查CH 通常表现为皮下内部回声不均匀肿块，边界模糊，有时可见钙化灶^［28］。当超声发现静脉扩张、静脉湖时，易更频繁地发生出血和溃疡；发现动静脉分流时，并发心力衰竭风险更高^［29］。RICH在MRI的T₁像为中信号，T₂像为高信号，钆注射后肿物信号显著增强^［30］。瘤体及其周围组织可见高流量血管。CTA检查表现为明显增强的边界清楚的实质性肿物，可见明显的供血动脉和引流静脉^［31］。NICH血管造影具有独特特征，其造影表现类型分为微动静脉瘘优势型（Ⅰ型）与静脉优势型（Ⅱ型），病灶内平阳霉素碘油乳剂的药物沉积不良^［32］。Ⅰ型造影可见明显 “肿瘤样染色”，动脉造影时可见病灶微动静脉瘘，回流静脉粗大并提前显影，造影剂廓清迅速；Ⅱ型血管造影为“淡薄染色”，局部经皮穿刺病灶造影可见 “树枝样” 回流静脉显影^［32］。

4 病理特点

CH各亚型在组织病理学特征上较为相似，没有显著差异^［33-34］。CH主要累及真皮与皮下层，边界清晰^［33］。镜下见叶状结构及叶外异常大血管，小叶主要由增生的毛细血管、小而圆的管腔以及由内皮细胞、周细胞和基底膜组成的薄壁等共同构成^［33-34］。小叶间可见异常动静脉结构，边缘可见淋巴管样结构，部分可见血栓和灶状出血坏死；血管内皮细胞呈“钉突样”凸向管腔^［35］。免疫组化染色CH组织中CD31、CD34和WT1均阳性，GLUT-1和D2-40均阴性^［35］。

5 并发症

多数CH无明显并发症，少数可存在并发症，且并发症发生率与瘤体体积大小存在正相关^［33-34］。Qiu等^［36］报道6%的RICH患者会合并早期并发症。CH早期并发症包括溃疡、出血、血小板减少及心力衰竭，晚期并发症包括疼痛、浅表血栓及乳房萎缩等，严重者可导致患儿死亡^{［26，36-37］}。与IH相比，因CH血管更表浅且管径更大，故其更易因溃疡而发生严重出血^［38］。Baselga等^［26］报道直径＞5 cm的巨大RICH均能导致血小板减少症。RICH引起的血小板减少和凝血功能障碍主要与局部血管内凝血和血液淤滞有关，这与婴儿卡波西样血管内皮瘤和丛状血管瘤引起的卡梅现象有所不同，后者主要与瘤体内血小板聚集及血小板的异常激活与消耗相关^［39］。严重的凝血功能障碍可能导致心力衰竭^［40］。此外，巨大血管瘤（＞5 cm）也更易发生心力衰竭^{［34，40-41］}。心力衰竭主要是由于CH的复杂动脉供应，这会导致高流量状态，增加心脏的后负荷，从而可能导致心肌受损和收缩力下降，最终可能导致心脏功能失代偿^［42］。因此，对于巨大CH患儿，进行血液学和心脏病学评估是必要的，以监测和预防潜在的心脏并发症。

6 鉴别诊断

6.1 卡波西样血管内皮瘤

卡波西样血管内皮瘤瘤体多见于四肢，外观为红或紫色边界不清的硬肿块，可伴有卡梅现象。镜下梭形或偏圆形的内皮细胞紧密排列呈小叶状或片状浸润性生长，免疫组化染色CD31、CD34、VEGFR3、Prox-1和淋巴管内皮透明质酸受体 - 1阳性，GLUT-1与人疱疹病毒8型阴性^［43］。

6.2 婴幼儿血管瘤

婴幼儿血管瘤（IH）具有典型的先增殖后缓慢消退的临床特征，通常在出生后1年内为增殖期，尤其是生后4周至8周瘤体增长最为迅速；1年后进入可长达数年的消退期^［44］。IH免疫组化GLUT-1染色阳性，是关键鉴别特征，而CH为Glut-1阴性^［44］。

6.3 化脓性肉芽肿

化脓性肉芽肿是一种后天性、良性的结节状增生，临床表现为凸出于皮肤的红色新生物，多继发于皮肤外伤后^［45］。新生的血管形成血管瘤样或乳头样结节，可迅速增大，易反复破溃出血^［46］。化脓性肉芽肿超声表现为皮肤层凸出体表的低回声结节，边界清，内部回声均匀，可见丰富的动静脉血流信号^［47］。

6.4 静脉畸形

静脉畸形在一般出生时即有，以头颈部常见，肿块随患儿生长发育成比例的增大，外观为蓝色质软包块。超声提示异质性低回声肿块，局部可见高回声区静脉石，为静脉畸形特征性表现；镜下表现为在真皮、皮下组织和深部软组织中分布无序的形状和大小不规则的扩张静脉通道，无特征性小叶状结构和“钉突样”血管^［48］。免疫组化染色GLUT-1、PROX-1和D2-40阴性，CD31与CD34阳性^［48］。

7 治疗与预后

CH的治疗取决于瘤体大小、发生部位以及是否存在并发症。绝大多数CH病例并不需要特殊治疗，但发生并发症时需积极处理。RICH因瘤体可快速消退，故主要选择保守观察治疗即可。当RICH合并凝血功能异常或心衰等并发症时，可通过多学科合作制定包括介入栓塞与手术切除在内的综合治疗方法^［37］。对于NICH，当瘤体较小时，则以手术切除治疗为主；若瘤体较大，介入栓塞或联合手术切除治疗较为适宜。术前先开展介入栓塞治疗，可降低瘤体血供，缩小瘤体体积，减轻心脏负荷并降低手术切除出血风险；待瘤体状态符合手术条件后，再择期进行手术切除。此外，脉冲染料激光对CH治疗也具有一定效果^［49］。需要注意的是，传统用于治疗IH的药物如普萘洛尔等，目前在CH治疗中尚没有明显效果，故不推荐服用药物治疗CH^［50］。绝大多数CH预后良好，手术切除后复发概率低，但部分患者出现严重并发症如心力衰竭，则预后较差，应密切随访并适时干预。

8 总结与展望

CH是先天性较为罕见的良性血管肿瘤，其典型特征为出生时即存在，目前共分为4型：RICH、NICH、PICH与TECH，其中RICH与NICH是其主要的亚型。CH的发病机制可能与IFG-2低表达及GNAQ与GNA11基因体细胞突变相关。NICH可选择尽早手术切除，RICH无需特殊治疗，但出现心力衰竭等严重并发症时，可联合介入与手术切除尽早治疗。由于目前大部分CH研究多为临床病例报道，故对CH发病机制及其演化规律了解甚少。未来，可借助类器官等前沿科学技术^［51］，加大对CH发病机制的基础研究，以更好地揭示疾病内在发生发展规律，从而寻找到更加高效的治疗方法。

1、BOON%E2%80%83L%E2%80%83M%EF%BC%8CENJOLRAS%E2%80%83O%EF%BC%8CMULLIKEN%E2%80%83J%E2%80%83B%EF%BC%8E%0ACongenital%E2%80%83hemangioma%EF%BC%9AEvidence%E2%80%83%20of%E2%80%83%20accelerated%E2%80%83%0Ainvolution%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EJ%E2%80%83Pediatr%EF%BC%8C1996%EF%BC%8C128%EF%BC%883%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A329-%0A335%EF%BC%8E

2、NORTH%E2%80%83P%E2%80%83E%EF%BC%8CWANER%E2%80%83M%EF%BC%8CJAMES%E2%80%83C%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0ACongenital%E2%80%83nonprogressive%E2%80%83hemangioma%EF%BC%9AA%E2%80%83%20distinct%E2%80%83%0Aclinicopathologic%E2%80%83entity%E2%80%83unlike%E2%80%83infantile%E2%80%83hemangioma%0A%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EArch%E2%80%83Dermatol%EF%BC%8C%E2%80%832001%EF%BC%8C137%EF%BC%8812%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A1607-%0A1620%EF%BC%8E

3、ENJOLRAS%E2%80%83O%EF%BC%8CMULLIKEN%E2%80%83J%E2%80%83B%EF%BC%8CBOON%E2%80%83L%E2%80%83M%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83%0Aal%EF%BC%8ENoninvoluting%E2%80%83congenital%E2%80%83hemangioma%EF%BC%9AA%E2%80%83%20rare%E2%80%83%0Acutaneous%E2%80%83vascular%E2%80%83anomaly%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EPlast%E2%80%83Reconstr%E2%80%83%0ASurg%EF%BC%8C2001%EF%BC%8C107%EF%BC%887%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A1647-1654%EF%BC%8E

4、MULLIKEN%E2%80%83J%E2%80%83B%EF%BC%8CENJOLRAS%E2%80%83O%EF%BC%8ECo%20nge%20nital%E2%80%83%0Ahemangiomas%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83infantile%E2%80%83hemangioma%EF%BC%9AMissing%E2%80%83links%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EJ%E2%80%83Am%E2%80%83Acad%E2%80%83Dermatol%EF%BC%8C2004%EF%BC%8C50%EF%BC%886%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A875-%0A882%EF%BC%8E

5、NASSERI%E2%80%83E%EF%BC%8CPIRAM%E2%80%83M%EF%BC%8CMCCUAIG%E2%80%83C%E2%80%83C%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0APartially%E2%80%83involuting%E2%80%83congenital%E2%80%83hemangiomas%EF%BC%9AA%E2%80%83%20report%E2%80%83%0Aof%E2%80%838%E2%80%83cases%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83review%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83the%E2%80%83literature%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EJ%E2%80%83Am%E2%80%83%0AAcad%E2%80%83Dermatol%EF%BC%8C2014%EF%BC%8C70%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A75-79%EF%BC%8E

6、WOJCICKI%E2%80%83P%EF%BC%8CWOJCICKA%E2%80%83K%EF%BC%8EEpidemiology%EF%BC%8C%0Adiagnostics%E2%80%83%20and%E2%80%83treatment%E2%80%83%20of%E2%80%83%20vascular%E2%80%83tumours%E2%80%83%20and%E2%80%83%0Amalformations%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EAdv%E2%80%83Clin%E2%80%83Exp%E2%80%83Med%EF%BC%8C2014%EF%BC%8C23%0A%EF%BC%883%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A475-484%EF%BC%8E

7、KNOPFEL%E2%80%83N%EF%BC%8CWALCHLI%E2%80%83R%EF%BC%8CLUCHSINGER%E2%80%83I%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0ACongenital%E2%80%83hemangioma%E2%80%83exhibiting%E2%80%83postnatal%E2%80%83growth%0A%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EPediatr%E2%80%83Dermatol%EF%BC%8C2019%EF%BC%8C36%EF%BC%884%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A548-%0A549%EF%BC%8E

8、COSSIO%E2%80%83M%E2%80%83L%EF%BC%8CDUBOIS%E2%80%83J%EF%BC%8CMCCUAIG%E2%80%83C%E2%80%83C%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0ANon-involuting%E2%80%83congenital%E2%80%83hemangiomas%EF%BC%88NICH%EF%BC%89%0Awith%E2%80%83postnatal%E2%80%83atypical%E2%80%83growth%EF%BC%9AA%E2%80%83case%E2%80%83series%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8E%0APediatr%E2%80%83Dermatol%EF%BC%8C2019%EF%BC%8C36%EF%BC%884%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A466-470%EF%BC%8E

9、HUA%E2%80%83C%EF%BC%8CWANG%E2%80%83L%EF%BC%8CJIN%E2%80%83Y%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EA%E2%80%83%20case%E2%80%83%20series%E2%80%83%0Aof%E2%80%83tardive%E2%80%83expansion%E2%80%83congenital%E2%80%83hemangioma%EF%BC%9AA%E2%80%83%0Avariation%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83%20noninvoluting%E2%80%83congenital%E2%80%83%20hemangioma%E2%80%83or%E2%80%83%0Aa%E2%80%83new%E2%80%83hemangiomatous%E2%80%83entity%3F%E2%80%83%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EJ%E2%80%83Am%E2%80%83Acad%E2%80%83%0ADermatol%EF%BC%8C2021%EF%BC%8C84%EF%BC%885%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A1371-1377%EF%BC%8E

10、AYDIN%E2%80%83K%C3%96KER%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8CK%C3%96M%C3%9CRO%C4%9ELU%E2%80%83A%E2%80%83U%EF%BC%8CK%C3%96KSOY%E2%80%83%0AA%E2%80%83Y%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EEvaluation%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83GLUT1%EF%BC%8CIGF-2%EF%BC%8CVEGF%EF%BC%8C%0AFGF%E2%80%831%EF%BC%8Cand%E2%80%83angiopoietin%E2%80%832%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83infantile%E2%80%83hemangioma%0A%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EArch%E2%80%83Pediatr%EF%BC%8C2021%EF%BC%8C28%EF%BC%884%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A296-300%EF%BC%8E

11、PICARD%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8CBOSCOLO%E2%80%83E%EF%BC%8CKHAN%E2%80%83Z%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0AIGF-2%E2%80%83%20and%E2%80%83%20FLT-1%2FVEGF-R1%E2%80%83%20mRNA%E2%80%83levels%E2%80%83%20reveal%E2%80%83%0Adistinctions%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83%20similarities%E2%80%83%20between%E2%80%83congenital%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83%0Acommon%E2%80%83infantile%E2%80%83hemangioma%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EPediatr%E2%80%83Res%EF%BC%8C%0A2008%EF%BC%8C63%EF%BC%883%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A263-267%EF%BC%8E

12、HOLM%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8CMULLIKEN%E2%80%83J%E2%80%83B%EF%BC%8CBISCHOFF%E2%80%83J%EF%BC%8EInfantile%E2%80%83%0Ahemangioma%EF%BC%9AThe%E2%80%83%20common%E2%80%83%20and%E2%80%83%20enigmatic%E2%80%83%20vascular%E2%80%83%0Atumor%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EJ%E2%80%83Clin%E2%80%83Invest%EF%BC%8C2024%EF%BC%8C134%EF%BC%888%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%0Ae172836%EF%BC%8E

13、杨开颖，周江元，龚雪，等．糖酵解通路关键酶在婴幼儿血管瘤中的表达及其作用［J］．中华小儿外科杂志，2022，43（11）：1007-1012．

14、AYTURK%E2%80%83U%E2%80%83M%EF%BC%8CCOUTO%E2%80%83J%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8CHANN%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0ASomatic%E2%80%83activating%E2%80%83mutations%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83GNAQ%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83GNA11%E2%80%83are%E2%80%83%0Aassociated%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83congenital%E2%80%83hemangioma%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EAm%E2%80%83%20J%E2%80%83%0AHum%E2%80%83Genet%EF%BC%8C2016%EF%BC%8C98%EF%BC%884%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A789-795%EF%BC%8E

15、FUNK%E2%80%83T%EF%BC%8CLIM%E2%80%83Y%EF%BC%8CKULUNGOWSKI%E2%80%83A%E2%80%83M%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0ASymptomatic%E2%80%83congenital%E2%80%83%20hemangioma%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83congenital%E2%80%83hemangiomatosis%E2%80%83associated%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83a%E2%80%83somatic%E2%80%83activating%E2%80%83%0Amutation%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83GNA11%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EJAMA%E2%80%83Dermatol%EF%BC%8C2016%EF%BC%8C%0A152%EF%BC%889%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A1015%EF%BC%8E

16、SMITH%E2%80%83R%E2%80%83J%EF%BC%8CMETRY%E2%80%83D%EF%BC%8CDEARDORFF%E2%80%83M%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0ASegmental%E2%80%83congenital%E2%80%83hemangiomas%EF%BC%9AThree%E2%80%83cases%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83%0Aa%E2%80%83rare%E2%80%83entity%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EPediatr%E2%80%83Dermatol%EF%BC%8C%E2%80%832020%EF%BC%8C%E2%80%8337%0A%EF%BC%883%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A548-553%EF%BC%8E

17、ELBATSH%E2%80%83A%E2%80%83M%E2%80%83O%EF%BC%8CAMIN-MANSOUR%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8C%0AHABERKORN%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EINPP5A%E2%80%83%20phosphatase%E2%80%83is%E2%80%83a%E2%80%83%0Asynthetic%E2%80%83lethal%E2%80%83target%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83GNAQ%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83GNA11-mutant%E2%80%83%0Amelanomas%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8ENat%E2%80%83Cancer%EF%BC%8C2024%EF%BC%8C5%EF%BC%883%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%0A481-499%EF%BC%8E

18、JORDAN%E2%80%83M%EF%BC%8CCARMIGNAC%E2%80%83V%EF%BC%8CSORLIN%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0AReverse%E2%80%83%20phenotyping%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83%20patients%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83%20skin%E2%80%83capillary%E2%80%83%0Amalformations%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83mosaic%E2%80%83GNAQ%E2%80%83or%E2%80%83GNA11%E2%80%83mutations%E2%80%83%0Adefines%E2%80%83a%E2%80%83clinical%E2%80%83%20spectrum%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83genotype-phenotype%E2%80%83%0Acorrelation%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EJ%E2%80%83Investig%E2%80%83Dermatol%EF%BC%8C2020%EF%BC%8C140%0A%EF%BC%885%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A1106-1110%EF%BC%8Ee2%EF%BC%8E

19、LI%E2%80%83Y%EF%BC%8CPAN%E2%80%83Y%EF%BC%8CYANG%E2%80%83X%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EUnveiling%E2%80%83%20the%E2%80%83%0Aenigmatic%E2%80%83role%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83MYH9%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83tumor%E2%80%83biology%EF%BC%9AA%E2%80%83%0Acomprehensive%E2%80%83review%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8ECell%E2%80%83Commun%E2%80%83Signal%EF%BC%8C%0A2024%EF%BC%8C22%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A417%EF%BC%8E

20、JANSEN%E2%80%83P%EF%BC%8CM%C3%9CLLER%E2%80%83H%EF%BC%8CLODDE%E2%80%83G%E2%80%83C%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0AGNA14%EF%BC%8CGNA11%EF%BC%8Cand%E2%80%83GNAQ%E2%80%83mutations%E2%80%83are%E2%80%83frequent%E2%80%83%0Ain%E2%80%83benign%E2%80%83but%E2%80%83not%E2%80%83malignant%E2%80%83cutaneous%E2%80%83vascular%E2%80%83tumors%0A%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EFront%E2%80%83Genet%EF%BC%8C2021%EF%BC%8812%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A663272%EF%BC%8E

21、%E2%80%83%20LIAU%E2%80%83J%E2%80%83Y%EF%BC%8CTSAI%E2%80%83J%E2%80%83H%EF%BC%8CLAN%E2%80%83J%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EGNA11%E2%80%83joins%E2%80%83%0AGNAQ%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83GNA14%E2%80%83as%E2%80%83a%E2%80%83%20recurrently%E2%80%83mutated%E2%80%83gene%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83%0Aanastomosing%E2%80%83hemangioma%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EVirchows%E2%80%83Arch%EF%BC%8C%0A2020%EF%BC%8C476%EF%BC%883%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A475-481%EF%BC%8E

22、陈豪，沈卫民．快速消退型先天性血管瘤的临床病理特征及其发病机制研究进展［J］．中国美容整形外科杂志，2024，35（4）：242-246．

23、FOMCHENKO%E2%80%83E%E2%80%83I%EF%BC%8CDURAN%E2%80%83D%EF%BC%8CJIN%E2%80%83S%E2%80%83C%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EDe%E2%80%83%0Anovo%E2%80%83MYH9%E2%80%83mutation%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83congenital%E2%80%83scalp%E2%80%83hemangioma%0A%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8ECold%E2%80%83Spring%E2%80%83Harb%E2%80%83Mol%E2%80%83Case%E2%80%83Stud%EF%BC%8C2018%EF%BC%8C4%0A%EF%BC%884%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9Aa002998%EF%BC%8E

24、中华医学会整形外科分会血管瘤脉管畸形学组，林晓曦．血管瘤与脉管畸形诊疗指南（2024版）［J］．组织工程与重建外科杂志，2024，2 0（1）：1-50．

25、DELGADO-MIGUEL%E2%80%83C%EF%BC%8CM%20IGUEL-FERRERO%E2%80%83%0AM%EF%BC%8CD%C3%8DAZ%E2%80%83M%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EMultifocal%E2%80%83%20rapidly%E2%80%83involuting%E2%80%83%0Acongenital%E2%80%83haemangiomas%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EAcad%E2%80%83%20Dermatol%E2%80%83%0AVenereol%EF%BC%8C2023%EF%BC%8C37%EF%BC%888%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9Ae1025-e1027%EF%BC%8E

26、BRAUN%E2%80%83V%EF%BC%8CPREY%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8CGURIOLI%E2%80%83C%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8ECongenital%E2%80%83%0Ahaemangiomas%EF%BC%9AA%E2%80%83single-centre%E2%80%83retrospective%E2%80%83review%0A%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EBMJ%E2%80%83Paediatr%E2%80%83Open%EF%BC%8C2020%EF%BC%8C4%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%0Ae000816%EF%BC%8E

27、HEYMANN%E2%80%83W%E2%80%83R%EF%BC%8ETardive%E2%80%83%20expansion%E2%80%83%20congenital%E2%80%83%0Ahemangioma%EF%BC%9AA%E2%80%83niche%E2%80%83within%E2%80%83NICH%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EJ%E2%80%83Am%E2%80%83Acad%E2%80%83%0ADermatol%EF%BC%8C2021%EF%BC%8C84%EF%BC%885%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A1252-1253%EF%BC%8E

28、GONG%E2%80%83X%EF%BC%8CHUA%E2%80%83C%EF%BC%8CXIONG%E2%80%83P%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EConventional%E2%80%83%0Aultrasonography%E2%80%83%20and%E2%80%83%20elastography%E2%80%83for%E2%80%83the%E2%80%83%20diagnosis%E2%80%83%0Aof%E2%80%83congenital%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83infantile%E2%80%83hemangiomas%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EJ%E2%80%83%0ADermatol%EF%BC%8C2020%EF%BC%8C47%EF%BC%885%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A527-533%EF%BC%8E

29、WAELTI%E2%80%83S%E2%80%83L%EF%BC%8CRYPENS%E2%80%83F%EF%BC%8CDAMPHOUSSE%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0AUltrasound%E2%80%83findings%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83%20rapidly%E2%80%83involuting%E2%80%83congenital%E2%80%83%0Ahemangioma%EF%BC%88RICH%EF%BC%89-%E2%80%83%20beware%E2%80%83%20of%E2%80%83%20venous%E2%80%83%20ectasia%E2%80%83%0Aand%E2%80%83venous%E2%80%83lakes%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EPediatr%E2%80%83Radiol%EF%BC%8C2018%EF%BC%8C48%0A%EF%BC%884%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A586-593%EF%BC%8E

30、CRIVELLI%E2%80%83L%EF%BC%8CMILLISCHER%E2%80%83A%E2%80%83E%EF%BC%8CSONIGO%E2%80%83P%EF%BC%8C%0Aet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EContribution%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83magnetic%E2%80%83%20resonance%E2%80%83imaging%E2%80%83to%E2%80%83%0Athe%E2%80%83prenatal%E2%80%83diagnosis%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83common%E2%80%83congenital%E2%80%83vascular%E2%80%83%0Aanomalies%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EPediatr%E2%80%83Radiol%EF%BC%8C2021%EF%BC%8C51%EF%BC%889%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%0A1626-1636%EF%BC%8E

31、%E2%80%83%20KONANUR%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8CJIMENEZ%E2%80%83J%E2%80%83E%EF%BC%8CKOCHIN%E2%80%83M%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0ANon-involuting%E2%80%83congenital%E2%80%83%20hemangioma%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83%20delayed%E2%80%83%0Ahypertrophy%EF%BC%9AA%E2%80%83case%E2%80%83series%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EInt%E2%80%83%20J%E2%80%83%20Pediatr%E2%80%83%0AOtorhinolaryngol%EF%BC%8C2022%EF%BC%88157%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A111102%EF%BC%8E

32、PATEL%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8Cde%E2%80%83LEACY%E2%80%83R%EF%BC%8CBERENSTEIN%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8E%0AAngiographic%E2%80%83%20and%E2%80%83%20clinical%E2%80%83features%E2%80%83%20of%E2%80%83%20noninvoluting%E2%80%83%0Acongenital%E2%80%83hemangiomas%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EA%20JNR%E2%80%83%20A%20m%E2%80%83%20J%E2%80%83%0ANeuroradiol%EF%BC%8C%E2%80%832019%EF%BC%8C%E2%80%8340%EF%BC%885%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A845-848%EF%BC%8E

33、EL%E2%80%83ZEIN%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8CBOCCARA%E2%80%83O%EF%BC%8CSOUPRE%E2%80%83V%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0AThe%E2%80%83histopathology%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83congenital%E2%80%83haemangioma%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83its%E2%80%83%0Aclinical%E2%80%83correlations%EF%BC%9AA%E2%80%83long-term%E2%80%83follow-up%E2%80%83study%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83%0A55%E2%80%83cases%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EHistopathology%EF%BC%8C2020%EF%BC%8C77%EF%BC%882%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%0A275-283%EF%BC%8E

34、JUAN-CARPENA%E2%80%83G%EF%BC%8CPALAZ%C3%93N-CABANES%E2%80%83J%E2%80%83C%EF%BC%8C%0ATALL%C3%93N-GUEROLA%E2%80%83P%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EA%E2%80%83case%E2%80%83%20series%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83%2018%E2%80%83%0Acongenital%E2%80%83haemangiomas%EF%BC%9AClinical%EF%BC%8Chistological%E2%80%83%0Aand%E2%80%83ultrasound%E2%80%83features%EF%BC%8Cand%E2%80%83their%E2%80%83%20relationship%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83%0Acomplications%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83atypical%E2%80%83behaviour%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EActa%E2%80%83%0ADerm%E2%80%83Venereol%EF%BC%8C2023%EF%BC%88103%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9Aadv00849%EF%BC%8E

35、梁栋，周博，李娜，等．先天性血管瘤40例临床病理学特征研究［J］．中华病理学杂志，2022，51（3）：202-206．

36、%E2%80%83QIU%E2%80%83T%EF%BC%8CZHANG%E2%80%83Z%EF%BC%8CZHOU%E2%80%83J%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EClinical%E2%80%83%0Afeatures%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83rapid%E2%80%83involuting%E2%80%83congenital%E2%80%83hemangioma%EF%BC%9AA%E2%80%83prospective%E2%80%83study%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EJ%E2%80%83Am%E2%80%83Acad%E2%80%83Dermatol%EF%BC%8C%0A2024%EF%BC%8C90%EF%BC%884%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A870-872%EF%BC%8E

37、%E2%80%83%20SUN%E2%80%83B%EF%BC%8CCHEN%E2%80%83H%EF%BC%8CWANG%E2%80%83L%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8ECan%E2%80%83congenital%E2%80%83%0Ahemangioma%E2%80%83%20cause%E2%80%83%20breast%E2%80%83%20hypoplasia%E2%80%83Evidence%E2%80%83%20and%E2%80%83%0Aliterature%E2%80%83review%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EInt%E2%80%83J%E2%80%83Dermatol%EF%BC%8C2024%EF%BC%8C63%0A%EF%BC%886%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A762-764%EF%BC%8E

38、%E2%80%83%20KAMATA%E2%80%83M%EF%BC%8CARAMAKI-HATTORI%E2%80%83N%EF%BC%8COKABE%E2%80%83%0AK%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EEmbolization%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83congenital%E2%80%83hemangioma%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83%0Asevere%E2%80%83hemorrhage%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EJ%E2%80%83Pediatr%E2%80%83Surg%E2%80%83Case%E2%80%83Rep%EF%BC%8C%0A2021%EF%BC%8865%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A101772%EF%BC%8E

39、MARTYANOV%E2%80%83A%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8CTESAKOV%E2%80%83I%E2%80%83P%EF%BC%8CKHACHATRYAN%E2%80%83L%E2%80%83%0AA%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EPlatelet%E2%80%83functional%E2%80%83abnormalities%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83pediatric%E2%80%83%0Apatients%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83kaposiform%E2%80%83hemangioendothelioma%2F%0AKasabach-Merritt%E2%80%83phenomenon%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EBlood%E2%80%83Adv%EF%BC%8C%0A2023%EF%BC%8C7%EF%BC%8817%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A4936-4949%EF%BC%8E

40、%E2%80%83%20COHEN-CUTLER%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8CSZYMANSKI%E2%80%83L%E2%80%83J%EF%BC%8CBOCKOVEN%E2%80%83%0AC%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8ECatastrophic%E2%80%83congenital%E2%80%83%20hemangioma%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83%0Asevere%E2%80%83coagulopathy%E2%80%83leading%E2%80%83to%E2%80%83fatal%E2%80%83cardiac%E2%80%83failure%EF%BC%9A%0ACase%E2%80%83report%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83review%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EPediatr%E2%80%83Dermatol%EF%BC%8C%0A2021%EF%BC%8C38%EF%BC%885%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A1276-1282%EF%BC%8E

41、REN%E2%80%83N%EF%BC%8CJIN%E2%80%83C%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8CZHAO%E2%80%83X%E2%80%83Q%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EPreterm%E2%80%83%0Aneonate%E2%80%83%20with%E2%80%83%20a%E2%80%83%20large%E2%80%83%20congenital%E2%80%83%20hemangioma%E2%80%83%20on%E2%80%83%0Amaxillofacial%E2%80%83site%E2%80%83causing%E2%80%83thrombocytopenia%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83heart%E2%80%83%0Afailure%EF%BC%9AA%E2%80%83case%E2%80%83report%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EWorld%E2%80%83J%E2%80%83Clin%E2%80%83Cases%EF%BC%8C%0A2022%EF%BC%8C10%EF%BC%8817%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A5756-5763%EF%BC%8E

42、%E2%80%83REN%E2%80%83Z%EF%BC%8CSUN%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8CYE%E2%80%83Z%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EC%20o%20n%20g%20e%20nit%20al%E2%80%83%0Ahemangioma%E2%80%83causing%E2%80%83heart%E2%80%83failure%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EIntensive%E2%80%83%0ACare%E2%80%83Med%EF%BC%8C2019%EF%BC%8C45%EF%BC%886%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A889-891%EF%BC%8E

43、卡波西样血管内皮瘤诊疗专家共识小组．卡波西样血管内皮瘤诊疗中国专家共识（2023）［J］．中华小儿外科杂志，2024，45（1）：1-9．

44、YANG%E2%80%83K%EF%BC%8CQIU%E2%80%83T%EF%BC%8CZHOU%E2%80%83J%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EBlockage%E2%80%83%0Aof%E2%80%83%20glycolysis%E2%80%83%20by%E2%80%83targeting%E2%80%83%20PFKFB3%E2%80%83%20suppresses%E2%80%83the%E2%80%83%0Adevelopment%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83infantile%E2%80%83hemangioma%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EJ%E2%80%83Transl%E2%80%83%0AMed%EF%BC%8C2023%EF%BC%8C21%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A85%EF%BC%8E

45、KOMAKECH%E2%80%83D%EF%BC%8CSSENKUMBA%E2%80%83B%EF%BC%8EP%20y%20o%20g%20e%20ni%20c%E2%80%83%0Agranuloma%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EN%E2%80%83Engl%E2%80%83J%E2%80%83Med%EF%BC%8C2022%EF%BC%8C387%0A%EF%BC%8821%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A1979%EF%BC%8E

46、%E2%80%83%20PALETI%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8CFISCHER%E2%80%83E%E2%80%83G%EF%BC%8CRUSTAGI%E2%80%83T%EF%BC%8EDuodenal%E2%80%83%0Apyogenic%E2%80%83granuloma%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EClin%E2%80%83%20Gast%20roente%20rol%E2%80%83%0AHepatol%EF%BC%8C2021%EF%BC%8C19%EF%BC%887%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9Ae73%EF%BC%8E

47、吴健平，张莉，葛宏松．儿童化脓性肉芽肿的皮肤镜和皮肤超声的特征分析［J］．安徽医学，2024，45（6）：742-745．

48、COOKE-BARBER%E2%80%83J%EF%BC%8CKREIMER%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8CPATEL%E2%80%83M%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0AVenous%E2%80%83malformations%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8ESemin%E2%80%83Pediatr%E2%80%83Surg%EF%BC%8C%0A2020%EF%BC%8C29%EF%BC%885%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A150976%EF%BC%8E

49、RINALDI%E2%80%83G%EF%BC%8CBATUL%E2%80%83SYED%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8ELaser%E2%80%83for%E2%80%83%20vascular%E2%80%83%0Aanomalies%EF%BC%9ASuccessful%E2%80%83outcomes%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83children%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8E%0AClin%E2%80%83Exp%E2%80%83Dermatol%EF%BC%8C2020%EF%BC%8C45%EF%BC%882%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A141-146%EF%BC%8E

50、TIAN%E2%80%83X%EF%BC%8CYU%E2%80%83D%EF%BC%8CZHAO%E2%80%83X%EF%BC%8EMultidisciplina%20ry%E2%80%83%0Atreatment%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83a%E2%80%83giant%E2%80%83maxillofacial%E2%80%83congenital%E2%80%83hemangioma%E2%80%83%0Awith%E2%80%83multiple%E2%80%83severe%E2%80%83complications%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EJ%E2%80%83Craniofac%E2%80%83%0ASurg%EF%BC%8C2023%EF%BC%8C34%EF%BC%884%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9Ae385-e387%EF%BC%8E

51、WEI%E2%80%83H%EF%BC%8CLI%E2%80%83Y%EF%BC%8CLI%E2%80%83L%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8ENovel%E2%80%83%20o%20rga%20noi%20d%E2%80%83%0Aconstruction%E2%80%83%20strategy%E2%80%83for%E2%80%83%20non-involuting%E2%80%83%20congenital%E2%80%83%0Ahemangioma%E2%80%83for%E2%80%83drug%E2%80%83validation%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EJ%E2%80%83Biol%E2%80%83Eng%EF%BC%8C%0A2023%EF%BC%8C17%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A32%EF%BC%8E

1、中国博士后科学基金（2023M730793）；广东省基础与应用基础研究基金（2023A1515012751， 2025A1515012602）；广州市基础与应用基础研究基金（2024A04J3857）；广州医科大学附属妇女儿童医疗中心博士启动科研基金（2023BS014）；广州医科大学儿科学院大学生科技创新项目研究基金（2024ekky002）()