目的 探讨对注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）患儿联合应用维生素D与盐酸托莫西汀的效果及对其行为功能障碍和神经功能损伤的影响。方法 选择于我院接受治疗的105例ADHD患儿,纳入时间为2023年7月—2024年3月,按照计算机分组法分为对照组52例给予盐酸托莫西汀治疗,观察组53例给予维生素D联合盐酸托莫西汀治疗,比较两组临床疗效、神经与行为功能、不良反应。结果 观察组总有效率（96.23%）高于对照组（78.85%）（P<0.05）。治疗后,与对照组比较,观察组神经元特异性烯醇化酶水平与行为、学习、躯体、冲动多动、焦虑及多动指数评分更低（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率对比差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 对于ADHD患儿,使用维生素D联合盐酸托莫西汀显示出更为显著的疗效,能有效缓解行为功能障碍,减少神经功能损伤,且具有良好的安全性。

Objective To explore the effect of combined use of vitamin D and atomoxetine hydrochloride on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder（ADHD）and its impact on their behavioral dysfunction and neurological damage. Methods A total of 105 children with ADHD treated in the hospital were included from July 2023 to March 2024. They were divided into control group with 52 cases treated with atomoxetine hydrochloride, and observation group with 53 cases treated with vitamin D combined with atomoxetine hydrochloride using a computerized grouping method. The clinical efficacy, neurological function, behavioral function, and adverse reactions were observed in both groups. Results The total effective rate of the observation group（96. 23%）was higher than that of the control group（78. 85%）（P<0. 05）. After treatment, compared with the control group, the levels of neuron-specific enolase in the observation group were significantly lower in terms of behavior, learning, physical fitness, impulsivity hyperactivity, anxiety and hyperactivity index scores（P<0. 05）. The comparison of the incidence of adverse effects between the two groups was not significant（P>0. 05）. Conclusions The combined use of vitamin D and atomoxetine hydrochloride has a more significant therapeutic effect on children with ADHD, which can effectively alleviate behavioral dysfunction, reduce neurological damage, and has good safety.

目的 探讨基于品管圈活动构建健康体检重要异常结果的追踪管理模式对提高电话随访率的影响。方法 选取2022年5月—2023年4月在中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院健康管理中心体检重要异常结果的328例受检者作为研究对象。成立品管圈活动小组,实施追踪管理模式。干预后时间段为2022年11月—2023年4月,期间针对不同样本分别实施了干预措施一至四及全面实施措施,分析随访1个月后成功随访人数。比较干预前后圈员综合能力变化及患者对健康管理中心的满意度。结果 电话随访率在干预措施一实施后为85.02%,干预措施二实施后为88.59%,干预措施三实施后为90.23%,干预措施四实施后为95.27%,全面实施干预措施一至干预措施四后为95.80%,均较干预措施实施前电话随访率（75.91%）有所增长;干预成功随访人数中,复诊率为84.34%（210/249）,全面实施措施后成功随访人数中复诊率为94.74%（216/228）。相较于干预前,干预后,圈员解决问题能力、责任心、沟通协调、团队凝聚力、积极性、品管手法、自信心、和谐感分值均升高（P<0.05）。干预前患者满意度为85.37%,干预后患者满意度为87.80%,干预后满意度有所升高,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 通过开展品管圈活动,使重要异常结果电话随访率明显提高,有利于提升体检机构的服务质量和服务能力,有利于疾病的早发现、早干预。

Objective Exploring the impact of establishing a tracking and management model for important abnormal results of health check ups based on quality control circle activities on improving telephone follow-up rates. Methods A total of 328 subjects with important abnormal results in Health Management Center of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat sen University from May 2022 to April 2023 were selected. The quality control circle activity group was set and the tracking management mode was carried out. The post intervention period was from November 2022 to April 2023, during which intervention measures 1-4 and comprehensive implementation measures were implemented for different samples. The number of successful follow-up after 1 month of follow-up was analyzed. Changes in the comprehensive ability of the circle staff before and after the intervention and the patients’ satisfaction with the health management center were compared. Results The telephone follow-up rate after intervention 1 was 85. 02%, 88. 59% after intervention 2,90. 23% after intervention 3,95. 27% after intervention 4 and 95. 80% after all intervention,which was higher than 75. 91% before intervention implementation. Among the single intervention individuals, the re-visit rate was 84. 34%（210/249）, and after the comprehensive implementation of measures, the re-visit rate among the successfully intervened individuals was 94. 74%（216/228）. After the intervention,the problem solving ability,responsibility, communication and coordination,team cohesion, enthusiasm,quality control techniques,self-confidence,and sense of harmony all significantly increased（P<0. 05）. The patient satisfaction rate before intervention was 85. 37%, and after intervention it was 87. 80%. The satisfaction rate increased after intervention, and the difference was statistically significant（P<0. 05）. Conclusions Through the quality control circle activities, the telephone follow-up rate of important abnormal results is significantly improved,which is conducive to improving the service quality and service capacity of physical examination institutions,is conducive to the early detection and early intervention of diseases.

       目的   血清同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）水平与慢性肾脏病（CKD）的进展相关，但中年人群的非线性关联研究较少，本研究旨在寻找慢性肾脏病危险因素。方法   本研究基于NHANES 1996—2006年数据，纳入5 361例45~65岁参与者，以估算肾小球滤过率（eGFR）＜60 mL/（min·1.73 m² ）和尿白蛋白/肌酐比值（uACR）≥30 mg/g评估肾功能下降。结果   通过逻辑回归及平滑曲线拟合分析发现，Hcy每升高1 µmol/L，eGFR降低的风险增加8%（OR=1.08，95%CI：1.06~1.10），uACR升高的风险增加2%（OR=1.02，95%CI：1.00~1.04）。非线性分析显示，Hcy对eGFR的阈值效应拐点为13.4 µmol/L（拐点左侧OR=1.59，95%CI：1.49~1.70；右侧无显著关联）。亚组分析表明，性别、高血压、糖尿病等协变量无交互作用，然而，在敏感性分析中，糖尿病患者中Hcy与eGFR降低的关联更强（交互P=0.015 8）。结论   本研究提示，控制Hcy水平或可延缓美国中年人群（尤其是糖尿病患者）的肾功能衰退。

        Objective   Elevated serum homocysteine（Hcy）levels are linked to chronic kidney disease（CKD）progression，yet the nonlinear relationship in middle-aged populations remains underexplored．Methods  This  study analyzed data from 5 361 participants aged 45–65 years in the NHANES 1996–2006 cohort．Renal dysfunction was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate（eGFR）＜60 mL/min/1.73 m²  and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio（uACR）≥30 mg/g．Results  Logistic regression and smoothed curve fitting revealed that each 1 µmol/L increase in Hcy elevated the risk of reduced eGFR by 8%（OR=1.08，95% CI：1.06–1.10）and uACR by 2%（OR=1.02，95% CI：1.00–1.04）．A nonlinear threshold effect was identified at 13.4 µmol/L，with a stronger association below this threshold（OR=1.59，95% CI：1.49–1.70）and no significant effect above it．Subgroup analyses showed no interactions with gender or hypertension，but a stronger Hcy-eGFR association was observed in diabetics（interaction P=0.0158）．Conclusions  These findings suggest that controlling Hcy levels may mitigate renal decline，particularly in diabetic populations，warranting further causal investigations．

        胃食管反流病是一种以烧心和反流为主要症状的胃食管动力障碍性疾病，现有的常规治疗存在药物依赖，手术风险高且易复发等局限性，而经皮电刺激作为一种新兴疗法，在治疗动力障碍性疾病时具有非侵入性、可逆性及调节生理功能的优势。因此本研究为了探讨经皮电刺激治疗胃食管反流病的进展，现从胃食管反流病的神经调控生理、不同经皮电刺激对治疗胃食管反流病的研究以及应用效果等方面进行综述，以期为胃食管反流病提供新的诊断思路和方法。

    In order to discuss the progress of transcutaneous electrical stimulation for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease（GERD），the physiology of neuromodulation of GERD，the research on different transcutaneous electrical stimulation for the treatment of GERD，and the application effect were reviewed，with the aim of providing new diagnostic ideas and methods for GERD．

       目的   通过分析广州某三甲医院临床试验用药品规范管理体系构建前后试验用药品超温次数及质控发现缺陷项数量变化情况，为药物临床试验规范开展提供参考。方法   结合某医院临床试验用药品管理实践，以试验用药品超温次数、质控发现缺陷项数量占项目比为评价指标，使用卡方检验进行比较。结果   某医院实施临床试验用药品规范管理体系后，发生试验用药品超温次数由实施前的9次下降至3次，呈明显下降趋势，2018—2020年试验用药品管理方面质控发现缺陷项数量占项目比为70.25%，2021—2023年占项目比为18.90%，实施前后组间比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）。结论   构建临床试验用药品规范管理体系，可以减少试验用药品超温次数和试验用药品管理方面质控发现缺陷项数量，从而保证药物临床试验的质量。

       Objective   To analyze the changes in the number of excessive temperature incidents and the proportion of quality control issues in drug management before and after the establishment of construction and practice of standardized management system in a tertiary hospital in Guangzhou，to provide a reference for drug clinical trials standard development．Methods  Based on the management practice of investigational medicinal products from a hospital，the number of excessive temperature incidents and the proportion of quality control issues in drug management were taken as evaluation index and compared using chi-square tests．Results  After implementing the standardized management system for investigational drugs，the number of temperature exceeding incidents decreased from 9 times to 3 times，showing an obvious decreasing trend，and from 2018 to 2020，the  proportion of quality control issues in drug management accounted for 70.25%，while from 2021 to 2023，it accounted for 18.90%．There was a statistically significant difference between the groups before and after the implementation（P＜0.001）．Conclusions  The establishment of  standardized management  system for investigational medicinal  products can  reduce the  number of excessive temperature incidents and the proportion of quality control issues in drug management，and ensure the quality of drug clinical trials．

       目的   探讨支气管镜灌洗用于儿童重症肺部感染合并肺实变的治疗效果及对CT特征、肺功能的影响。方法   选取2022年5月—2024年5月铜仁市人民医院收治的100例重症肺部感染合并肺实变患儿开展前瞻性研究，应用随机数表法分为对照组和观察组，每组各50例。对照组患儿采取常规治疗，观察组则采取常规治疗加支气管镜灌洗治疗。对比其临床疗效，治疗前后炎症因子、CT特征及肺功能变化。结果   观察组治疗总有效率高于对照组（P＜0.05）；治疗后观察组患儿白细胞计数（10.36±2.52）×10⁹ /L、白细胞介素-6（20.57±5.05）ng/L、C反应蛋白（13.12±2.64）mg/L、降钙素原（101.62±12.16）pg/L均低于对照组白细胞计数（13.25±3.32）×10⁹ /L、白细胞介素-6（31.69±4.11）ng/L、C反应蛋白（16.16±4.44）mg/L、降钙素原（113.46±18.11）pg/L（P＜0.05）；治疗后两组患儿胸腔积液、支气管壁增厚、空气支气管征、肺部实变、磨玻璃影等相关CT影像特征占比下降，且观察组低于对照组（P＜0.05）；治疗后两组患儿呼气流量峰值水平均升高，观察组（90.67±18.45）L/s高于对照组（81.27±17.69）L/s，用力肺活量水平均更高，观察组（3.33±0.68）L高于对照组（2.68±0.25）L（P＜0.05）。结论   针对儿童重症肺部感染合并肺实变，在常规治疗基础上增加支气管镜灌洗可提升临床疗效，减轻机体炎症反应，改善胸部CT各种表现及肺功能。

        Objective  To explore the therapeutic effects of bronchoalveolar lavage in children with  severe pulmonary infection complicated by lung consolidation and its impact on CT features and pulmonary function．Methods A prospective study was conducted on 100 children with severe pulmonary infection complicated with pulmonary consolidation in a hospital from May 2022 to May 2024．They were randomly divided into observation group and control group using a random number table method，50 cases in each group．The control group of children received routine treatment，and the observation group received conventional treatment plus bronchoalvelar lavage．Clinical efficacy，inflammatory factors，CT features，and alterations in pulmonary function before and after therapy were compared．Results  The total effective rate of the observation group was higher than that of the control group（P＜0.05）．After treatment，the white blood cell count（10.36±2.52）×10⁹ /L，interleukin-6（20.57±5.05）ng/L，C-reactive protein（13.12±2.64）mg/L，and procalcitonin（101.62±12.16）pg/L in the observation group were all lower than those in the control group（13.25±3.32）×10⁹ /L，interleukin-6（31.69±4.11）ng/L，C-reactive protein（16.16±4.44）mg/L，and procalcitonin（113.46±18.11）pg/L（P＜0.05）．After treatment，the proportion of CT imaging features such as pleural effusion，bronchial wall thickening，air bronchogram sign，lung consolidation，ground glass opacities，decreased in both groups of children，and the observation group was lower than the control group（P＜0.05）．After treatment，the peak levels of expiratory flow in both groups of children increased，with the observation group（90.67±18.45）L/s higher than the control group（81.27±17.69）L/s．The forced vital capacity levels were also higher，with the observation group（3.33±0.68）L higher than the control group（2.68±0.25）L（P＜0.05）．Conclusions  Adding bronchoalvelar lavage to routine treatment for children with severe pulmonary infection complicated with pulmonary consolidation can improve their clinical efficacy，alleviate inflammatory reactions，and improve various chest CT manifestations and lung function．

       目的   探讨电子计算机断层扫描（CT）增强碘对比剂急性不良反应发生及影响因素分析。方法   选取天津市肿瘤医院空港医院2020年10月—2023年10月收治的100例行CT增强出现碘对比剂急性不良反应的患者进行回顾性分析，将其分为观察组，另选取同期在我院行CT增强检查未发生不良反应的100例患者作为对照组。分析观察组患者碘对比剂急性不良反应情况，对比两组患者临床资料及碘对比剂注射情况，以急性不良反应作为因变量（发生急性不良反应=1，未发生急性不良反应=0）纳入Logistic回归模型，分析CT增强碘对比剂急性不良反应发生的独立影响因素。结果  100例发生碘对比剂急性不良反应的患者中轻度65例（65.00%），中度34例（34.00%），重度1例（1.00%）；观察组与对照组性别、年龄、体质指数（BMI）、高血压史、糖尿病史、心功能不全史、甲状腺功能亢进史、冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病史、碘对比剂使用史、食物过敏史对比差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05），观察组与对照组哮喘史（9.00% vs 2.00%）、肾功能不全史（13.00% vs 3.00%）、碘对比剂不良反应发生史（21.00% vs  2.00%）、花粉过敏史（12.00% vs 4.00%）、药物过敏史（26.00% vs 7.00%）及其他过敏史（10.00% vs 2.00%），对比差异有统计学意义（χ ² =4.710，P=0.030；χ  ² =6.790，P=0.009；χ ² =17.740，P＜0.001；χ ² =4.350，P=0.037；χ ² =13.100，P＜0.001；χ ² =5.670，P=0.017）；观察组与对照组碘对比剂剂量对比差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05），观察组与对照组碘对比剂注射速度（＜3 mL/min为55.00% vs 69.00%；≥3 mL/min为45.00% vs 31.00%）、碘对比剂类型（碘克沙醇为34.00% vs 34.00%，碘佛醇为47.00% vs 30.00%，碘海醇为19.00% vs  36.00%）对比差异有统计学意义（χ ² =4.160，P=0.041；χ ² =9.010，P=0.011）；肾功能不全史、碘对比剂不良反应发生史、药物过敏史、其他过敏史、碘对比剂注射速度为发生碘对比剂急性不良反应的影响因素（P＜0.05）。结论  CT增强碘对比剂急性不良反应多以轻度为主，且以往合并肾功能不全、碘对比剂不良反应发生史、药物过敏史、其他过敏史、碘对比剂注射速度过高可能为碘对比剂不良反应发生的影响因素。

       Objective  To explore the occurrence and influencing factors of acute adverse reactions of iodine contrast agents in enhanced computed tomography（CT）．Methods  A retrospective analysis was conducted on 100 patients admitted to our hospital from October 2020 to October 2023 who experienced acute adverse reactions to iodine contrast agents during CT enhancement．They were divided into an observation group and another 100 patients who underwent CT enhancement examination in our hospital during the same period without any adverse reactions were selected as the control group．The acute adverse  reactions of iodine contrast agent in the observation group of patients were analyzed，the clinical data and injection of iodine contrast agent between the two groups of patients were compared，and include acute adverse reactions as the dependent variable（occurrence of acute adverse reactions=1，absence of acute adverse reactions=0）was used in the Logistic regression model to analyze the independent influencing factors of acute adverse reactions of CT enhanced iodine contrast agent．Results  Among the 100 patients who experienced acute adverse reactions to iodine contrast agents，65 were mild reactions，accounting for 65.00%，34 cases had were moderate reactions，accounting for 34.00%，and one cases had severe reactions，accounting for 1.00%．There was no significant difference between the observation group and the control group in gender，age，body mass index（BMI），history of hypertension，diabetes，heart dysfunction，hyperthyroidism，coronary heart disease，use of iodine contrast agent，and food allergy（P＞0.05）．The history of asthma（9.00% vs 2.00%），renal insufficiency（13.00% vs 3.00%），adverse reactions of iodine contrast（21.00 % vs 2.00%），pollen allergy（12.00% vs  4.00%），drug allerg（26.00% vs  7.00%）and other allergies（10.00 % vs  2.00%）were significantly different（χ ² =4.710，P=0.030；χ ² =6.790，P=0.009；χ ² =17.740，P＜0.001；χ ² =4.350，P=0.037；χ ² =13.100，P＜0.001；χ ² =5.670，P=0.017）．There was no significant difference in the dosage of iodine contrast agent between the observation group and the control group（P＞0.05）．The injection rate of iodine contrast agent between the observation group and the control group（＜ 3 mL/min was 55.00% vs  69.00%；≥3 mL/min was 45.00% vs 31.00%），and the types of iodoxanol （iodoxanol［34.00% vs 34.00%］，iodoxanol［47.00% vs 30.00%］，iodohexanol［19.00% vs 36.00%］） were significantly different（χ ² =4.160，P=0.041；χ ²  =9.010，P=0.011）．History of renal insufficiency，adverse reactions to iodine contrast agents，drug allergies，other allergies，and injection speed of iodine contrast agents were independent risk factors for the occurrence of acute adverse reactions to iodine contrast agents（P＜0.05）．Conclusions  Acute adverse reactions to iodinated contrast agents in CT enhancement are mostly mild．Previous history of  renal insufficiency，history of adverse reactions to iodinated contrast agents，history of drug allergies，other allergic histories，and high injection speed of iodinated contrast agents may be influencing factors for the occurrence of adverse  reactions to iodinated contrast agents．

       目的  探讨晚期早产儿中小于胎龄儿（SGA）与适于胎龄儿（AGA）出生时的铁代谢状态。方法  选取2020年1—12月合肥市妇幼保健院收治的150例晚期早产儿（胎龄34～36⁺⁶周）作为研究对象。按照出生体质量和胎龄将早产儿分为SGA组（36例）和AGA组（114例），分析比较两组早产儿出生时的铁代谢状态，并应用多因素线性回归分析血清铁的影响因素。结果  与AGA组相比，SGA婴儿的更低的血清铁［14.5 μmol /L （11.4，17.1） vs 16.4 μmol /L（14.1，18.4），P=0.004］、更低的血清铁蛋白［135.6 μg/L（101.8，176.2） vs 172.5 μg/L（123.0，218.3），P=0.009］和更低的总铁结合力［30.4 μmol/L（26.8，34.9）vs 35.4 μmol/L（29.5，44.6），P=0.001］。两组早产儿的血红蛋白、平均红细胞体积、平均红细胞血红蛋白含量和平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。在早产儿围生期特征中，胎盘异常（β= –1.949，P=0.009）和母亲糖尿病的发生（β= –2.324，P=0.001）与血清铁水平呈负相关。结论  与早产AGA相比，早产SGA铁储备水平较低，适量补充铁元素对小于胎龄新生儿身体发育有促进作用。

      Objective   To explore the iron metabolism status in late preterm infants who are small for gestational age（SGA）compared to those appropriate for gestational age（AGA）at birth．Methods   A total of 150 late preterm infants（gestational age 34 to 36⁺⁶ weeks）admitted to the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hefei from January to December 2020 were selected as the study subjects．The preterm infants were divided into the SGA group（36 cases）and the AGA group（114 cases）according to birth weight and gestational age．The iron metabolism status at birth was analyzed and compared between the two groups of preterm infants，and multiple linear regression analysis was applied to identify the influencing factors of serum iron．Results   Compared with the AGA group，SGA infants had lower serum iron（14.5［11.4，17.1］ vs 16.4 ［14.1，18.4］，P=0.004），lower serum iron protein（135.6［101.8，176.2］ vs 172.5［123.0，218.3］，P=0.009），and lower total iron binding capacity（30.4［26.8，34.9］ vs35.4［29.5，44.6］P=0.001）．There were no statistically significant differences in hemoglobin，mean corpuscular volume，mean corpuscular hemoglobin，and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration between the two groups of preterm infants（P＞0.05）．Among the perinatal characteristics of preterm infants，placental abnormalities（β= –1.949，P=0.009）and the occurrence of maternal diabetes（β= –2.324，P=0.001）were significantly negatively correlated with serum iron levels．Conclusions  Compared with preterm infants appropriate for gestational age，preterm infants who are small for gestational age have lower iron reserves at birth．Adequate supplementation of iron has a promoting effect on the physical development of small for gestational age newborns．

       目的  探讨功能性经口摄食分级的吞咽管理对高龄吞咽障碍患者的应用效果。方法  选取2022年5月—2024年5月暨南大学附属广州市红十字会医院收治的80例高龄吞咽障碍患者作为研究对象，应用随机数字表法将其分为观察组与对照组，各40例。对照组患者实施常规干预，观察组实施功能性经口摄食分级的吞咽管理干预，对比两组患者干预效果、干预前后的吞咽功能与营养状况、吞咽障碍相关并发症发生率，以及干预前后两组生活质量变化。结果  观察组总有效率为92.50%，高于对照组的72.50%（χ ² =5.541，P=0.019）；两组干预后综合性营养评估法（SGA）、进食评估问卷调查工具-10（EAT-10）评分均降低，且观察组［（6.62±1.24）（15.26±3.42）分］低于对照组［（10.85±2.32）（23.51±4.37）分］，对比差异有统计学意义（t分别为10.170、9.403，P＜0.05）；观察组吞咽障碍相关并发症发生率17.50%低于对照组42.50%（χ ² =5.952，P=0.015）；两组干预后生活质量综合评定量表（GQOLI-74）相关维度物质评分均升高，且观察组患者GQOLI-74相关维度物质生活（16.62±2.24）、心理功能（18.26±4.42）分、社会功能（21.62±3.66）分、躯体功能（23.26±4.37）分均高于对照组［（13.25±3.32）（13.51±2.37）（15.26±2.35）（16.62±3.73）］分，对比差异有统计学意义（t分别为5.322、5.990、9.248、7.309，P＜0.05）。结论  功能性经口摄食分级的吞咽管理对高龄吞咽障碍患者干预效果显著，且可提升其吞咽功能，改善营养状况，同时可辅助降低吞咽障碍相关并发症发生率，提高患者生活质量。

       Objective  To explore the application effect of Functional Oral Intake Scale（FOIS）swallowing management on elderly patients with swallowing disorders．Methods  A total of 80 elderly patients with dysphagia admitted to the Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University from May 2022 to May 2024 were selected as research subjects．They were divided into an observation group and a control group，with 40 cases in each group，using a random number table method．The control group received routine intervention，while the observation group received FOIS swallowing management intervention．The intervention effects were compared between the two groups，including pre and post intervention，swallowing function and nutritional status，incidence of swallowing related complications，and changes in quality of life before and after the intervention．Results  The total effective rate of the observation group was 92.50%，which was higher than the 72.50% of control group（χ ² =5.541，P=0.019）．After the intervention，the comprehensive nutrition assessment（SGA）and the feeding assessment instrument-10（EAT-10）were decreased，and the observation group （［6.62±1.24］and［15.26±3.42］） were lower than the control group （［10.85±2.32］and［23.51±4.37］），and the comparative difference was statistically significant（t=10.170，9.403，P＜0.05）．The incidence of complications related to swallowing disorders in the observation group was 17.50%，lower than that in the control group was 42.50%（χ ² =5.952，P=0.015）．After intervention，the scores of GQOLI-74 related dimensions were increased in both groups．In addition，GQOLI-74 related dimensions of material life（16.62±2.24）scores，psychological function（18.26±4.42）scores，social function（21.62±3.66）scores，physical function（23.26±4.37）scores in observation group were higher than those in control group （［13.25±3.32］，［13.51±2.37］，［15.26±2.35］，［16.62±3.73］），and the difference was statistically significant（t=5.322，5.990，9.248，7.309，P＜0.05）．Conclusions  The swallowing management of FOIS has a significant intervention effect on elderly patients with swallowing disorders，and can improve their swallowing function，nutritional status，and assist in reducing the incidence of swallowing disorder related complications，thereby improving the quality of life of patients．

      目的  探讨心脏瓣膜置换术后患者异常出血的判断与处理。方法  选取2020年1月—2024年5月广州医科大学附属第一医院收治的30例心脏瓣膜置换术后异常出血的患者，将其纳入观察组，另选取同期收治的200例心脏瓣膜置换术后未出现异常出血的患者为对照组。对比两组患者预后情况和两组患者舒张压、收缩压、心率、术后3 h内引流量相关异常出血判断相关指标情况。采用Logistics回归模型分析心脏瓣膜置换术后患者异常出血的影响因素。结果   观察组住院时间、左心室射血分数（LVEF）水平高于对照组，左室舒张末期内径低于对照组，且观察组术后感染、心律失常、低心排综合征发生率高于对照组（P＜0.05）；观察组术后舒张压、收缩压、心率及术后3 h内引流量高于对照组（P＜0.05）；观察组与对照组患者吸烟史、合并糖尿病、抗凝依从性比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；吸烟史、抗凝依从性为心脏瓣膜置换术后患者异常出血的影响因素（P＜0.05）。结论  心脏瓣膜置换术后患者异常出血的发生可严重影响患者预后水平，增加患者并发症发生率，影响心功能恢复，通过舒张压、收缩压、心率及术后3 h内引流量可为异常出血的判断提供参考意见。另外，吸烟史、抗凝依从性为心脏瓣膜置换术后患者异常出血的独立影响因素，因此对异常出血患者进行常规治疗的同时要密切监测患者危险因素，实施科学的护理干预，改善患者抗凝依从性，降低异常出血发生率。

       Objective  To explore the  diagnosis and management of abnormal  bleeding in  patients after  heart valve replacement surgery．Methods  Thirty patients with abnormal bleeding after heart valve  replacement surgery admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from January 2020 to May 2024 were  retrospectively analyzed and divided into an observation group．In addition，200 patients who did not experience abnormal bleeding after heart valve  replacement surgery admitted during the same period were selected as the control group．Prognosis of two groups of patients were compared，and the related indicators of diastolic blood pressure，systolic blood pressure，heart rate，and abnormal bleeding  related to drainage flow within 3 hours after surgery were evaluated．Finally，the logistic  regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of abnormal bleeding in patients after heart valve replacement．Results  The length of hospital stay and left ventricular ejection fractionin the observation group were higher than those in the control group，and the left ventricular end diastolic diameter was lower in the observation group than in the control group，and the incidence of postoperative infection，arrhythmia，and low cardiac output syndrome was significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group（P＜0.05）．The postoperative diastolic blood pressure，systolic blood pressure，heart rate，and drainage volume within 3 hours in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group（P＜0.05）．The smoking history，diabetes，and anticoagulation compliance were different between the observation and control groups（P＜0.05）．A history of smoking and adherence to anticoagulation were independent influencing factors for abnormal bleeding in patients after heart valve replacement（P＜0.05）．Conclusions  The occurrence of abnormal bleeding in patients after heart valve replacement can greartly affect the patient’s prognosis，increase the incidence of complications，and affect cardiac function recovery．Reference opinions can be provided for the diagnosis of abnormal bleeding based on diastolic blood pressure，systolic blood pressure，heart rate，and postoperative drainage volume within three hours．In addition，a history of smoking and adherence to anticoagulation are independent influencing factors for abnormal bleeding in patients after heart valve replacement．Therefore，while routine treatment is performed on patients with abnormal bleeding，close monitoring of patient  risk factors is necessary，scientific nursing interventions should be implemented to improve patient adherence to anticoagulation and reduce the incidence of abnormal bleeding．