论著

胸部肿瘤术后早期排痰的临床研究

Clinical study on early expectoration after thoracic tumor surgery

:327-332
 
       目的  探讨胸部肿瘤患者手术后早期排痰的效果,降低肺部并发症的发生率。方法  选择2024年6月—2025年7月在本院进行胸部肿瘤切除的60例术后患者作为研究对象。采用非同期回顾对照设计,以不同时间段病例分组,分为对照组(n=30)和观察组(n=30)。两组胸部手术后患者均给予常规围术期护理,观察组胸部手术后患者增加早期排痰护理。统计两组排痰效果[咳痰难度、血氧饱和度(SPO2)]变化、疼痛评分,并统计两组肺部相关并发症及住院时间进行比较。结果  观察组患者术后的SPO2水平高于对照组(P<0.05),咳痰难度评分低于对照组患者(P<0.05)。干预后第B、C时间点观察组患者的疼痛评分均低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组住院时间短于对照组(P<0.05),胸部并发症总发生率低于对照组(P<0.05),满意度高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论  胸部肿瘤术后早期排痰有助于促进术后患者排痰,减少肺部相关发症,缩短住院时间。
       Objective  To investigate the efficacy of early expectoration management in reducing pulmonary complications for patients following thoracic tumor surgery.Methods  Sixty patients undergoing thoracic tumor  resection at our hospital between 2024 and 2025 were enrolled.A non-concurrent retrospective control design was adopted.Cases were grouped according to different time periods,divided into a control group(n=30)and an observation group(n=30).The control group  received  standard perioperative care,while the observation group received additional early expectoration nursing interventions.Outcome measures included expectoration efficacy(assessed by cough difficulty score and oxygen saturation[SpO2]),pain scores,incidence of pulmonary complications,and hospital stay duration.Results  Postoperative SpO2 levels were higher in the observation group than in the control group (P<0.05),while cough difficulty scores were significantly lower(P<0.05).At time points B and C after the intervention,the pain scores of patients in the observation group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The observation group demonstrated a significantly shorter hospital stay(P<0.05),a lower overall incidence of thoracic complicationsP<0.05),and higher patient satisfaction  than the control group(P<0.05).Conclusions  Implementing early expectoration protocols after thoracic tumor surgery facilitates sputum clearance can reduce pulmonary complications,and shorten hospitalization time.
论著

基于机器学习的结肠息肉术后复发风险预警模型构建

Machine learning-based development of a recurrence risk prediction model for post-polypectomy colonic polyps

:315-326
 
       目的  探讨结肠镜下息肉切除术后复发的危险因素,并基于机器学习算法构建复发风险预警模型,为防治对策提供依据。方法  回顾性收集2018年9月—2023年9月六安市人民医院1 058例初次行无痛结肠镜下息肉切除术患者的临床资料,使用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析筛选复发危险因素。采用7∶3随机抽样分为训练集和验证集,分别通过决策树、贝叶斯及Logistic回归算法构建预测模型,并以受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)、灵敏度、特异度等指标来评估模型效能。结果  单因素分析显示,性别、吸烟、代谢综合征、息肉数量、息肉位置、山田分型、组织病理学类型、切除方式、复查时间、肠息肉直径、手术时间是复发的危险因素(P<0.05)。多因素分析显示,性别、代谢综合征、息肉数量、息肉直径、肠息肉位置、山田分型、组织学病理类型、切除方式、手术时间均是结肠息肉内镜下切除术后复发的危险因素。模型评估显示,决策树算法、贝叶斯算法、Logistic回归算法的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.849、0.818、0.811;灵敏度分别为85.14%、81.62%、79.43%;特异度分别为81.69%、79.45%、74.18%;约登指数分别为0.534、0.551、0.573;95%CI分别为0.810~0.876、0.794~0.860、0.782~0.850;决策树算法模型效能最佳,Logistic回归算法的性能最差。结论  性别、代谢综合征、肠息肉特征(数量、直径、位置等)是术后复发的关键危险因素。决策树模型在风险预测中表现最优,可为临床制定个体化随访策略提供参考。
       Objective  To explore the  risk factors for  recurrence after painless colonoscopic polypectomy and construct a recurrence risk warning model based on machine learning algorithms to provide evidence for prevention and treatment strategies.Methods  A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data from 1 058 patients who underwent their first painless colonoscopy-guided polypectomy at our hospital between September 2018 and September 2023.Univariate and multivariate Logistic  regression analyses were performed to identify recurrence risk factors.The dataset was randomly divided into training and validation sets using a 7∶3 ratio.Prediction models were constructed using decision tree,Bayesian,and Logistic regression algorithms,and their performance was evaluated using metrics such as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC),sensitivity,specificity,and others.Results  Univariate analysis revealed that gender,smoking,metabolic syndrome,number of polyps,polyp location,Yamada classification,histopathological type,resection method,follow-up time,polyp diameter,and operation duration were risk factors for recurrence(P<0.05).Multivariate analysis identified gender,metabolic syndrome,number of polyps,polyp diameter,polyp location,Yamada classification,histopathological type,resection method,and operation duration as independent risk factors for recurrence after endoscopic polypectomy.Model evaluation showed AUC values of 0.849,0.818,and 0.811 for the decision tree,Bayesian,and Logistic regression algorithms,respectively.Sensitivity values were 85.14%,81.62%,and 79.43%;specificity values were 81.69%,79.45%,and 74.18%;Youden’s indices were 0.534,0.551,and 0.573;and 95% confidence intervals(CIs)were 0.810–0.876,0.794–0.860,and 0.782–0.850,respectively.The  decision tree algorithm demonstrated the best predictive performance,while the Logistic regression algorithm performed the least favorably.Conclusions  Gender,metabolic syndrome,and polyp characteristics(number,diameter,location,etc.)are key  risk factors for recurrence after polypectomy.The decision tree algorithm exhibited optimal predictive efficacy,offering valuable insights for developing individualized follow-up strategies in clinical practice.
论著

基于决策树的住院老年患者吞咽障碍风险预测模型的研究

Research on decision tree based risk prediction model for dysphagia in elderly inpatients

:308-314
 
      目的   基于决策树构建老年患者吞咽障碍预警模型。方法  采用便利取样法对宁夏银川市宁夏回族自治区人民医院老年科住院的200例老年患者进行调查。结果  200例老年患者中,吞咽障碍发生率为40.5%。依据是否发生吞咽障碍将其患者分为两组,两组患者在性别、年龄、文化程度、职业、医保类型、家庭年收入、日常生活能力、衰弱、抑郁、营养、体质指数(BMI)比较(χ 2 值分别为13.321、4.064、31.944、36.695、18.230、19.681、52.509、10.253、20.456、9.070、9.483),差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。决策树模型筛选出老年患者吞咽障碍的影响因素主要有自理能力、职业、文化程度和抑郁,决策树模型受试者工作特征曲线下面积为0.862,灵敏度为79.8%,特异度为79.0%,P<0.001。结论  基于自理能力、职业、文化程度和抑郁构建的决策树模型,能有效预测老年患者吞咽障碍风险。
       Objective  To construct a swallowing disorder warning model for elderly patients based on decision tree.Methods  Convenience  sampling was  used to  study  200  elderly  patients  admitted to the  geriatric  department  of  a tertiary comprehensive hospital in Yinchuan,Ningxia.Results  Among 200 elderly patients,the incidence of swallowing disorders was 40.5%.The two groups of patients were compared in terms of gender,age,education level,occupation,medical insurance type,annual family income,daily living ability,frailty,depression,nutrition,and BMI(χ 2  values were 13.321,4.064,31.944,36.695,18.230,19.681,52.509,10.253,20.456,9.070,9.483,respectively),and the  differences were  statistically significant(all P<0.05).The decision tree model identified the main influencing factors of swallowing disorders in elderly patients as self-care ability,occupation,education level,and depression.The Receiver Operating Characteristic curve of the decision tree model had an area under the curve of 0.862,sensitivity of 79.8%,and specificity of 79.0%,P<0.001.Conclusions  A decision tree model based on self-care ability,occupation,education level,and depression can effectively predict the  risk of swallowing disorders in elderly patients.
论著

放血疗法治疗小儿发热的 meta 分析

Efficacy of bloodletting therapy in the treatment of pediatric fever:A meta-analysis

:299-307
 
    目的   探讨放血疗法对小儿发热的疗效。方法   检索包括中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、CNKI、万方、维普、PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、Cochrane Library等8个中、英文数据库自建库至2025年5月所发表的放血疗法治疗小儿发热的随机对照试验研究(RCT),2名研究人员根据Cochrane系统评价手册(5.1.0版)推荐的偏倚风险评估表对所纳入文献进行质量评估,采用RevMan 5.4软件对纳入文献质量进行系统分析。结果  纳入19项RCT,共2 224例患儿,其中观察组1 118例、对照组1 106例。放血疗法能够提高小儿发热的临床疗效[OR=4.18,95% CI(3.00,5.38),P<0.001];降低患儿24 h内高热复发率[OR=0.12,95% CI(0.05,0.34),P<0.001];缩短平均退热时间[MD=-1.78,95% CI(-2.56,-1.00),P<0.001]。结论  放血疗法能够提高小儿发热的临床疗效,降低复发率,缩短退热时间,可作为小儿发热的辅助治疗方法。
       Objective  To explore the efficacy of bloodletting therapy treatment on pediatric fever by meta-analysis.Methods  The randomised controlled trials(RCTs)examining bloodletting therapy for paediatric fever were  retrieved from eight Chinese and English databases—China Biomedical Literature Database(CBM),CNKI,Wanfang,VIP,PubMed,Embase,Web of Science,and Cochrane Library—covering publications from the establishment of each database up to May 2025.Two researchers assessed study quality using the risk of bias assessment tool recommended in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews(version 5.1.0).RevMan 5.4 software was employed for systematic analysis of included studies.Results  Nineteen RCTs involving 2 224 patients were ultimately included,comprising 1 118 patients in the observation group and 1 106 in the control group.Results indicated that bloodletting therapy significantly improved clinical efficacy in paediatric fever(OR=4.18,95% CI[3.00,5.38],P<0.001),reduced the recurrence rate of high fever within 24 hours(OR=0.12,95% CI[0.05,0.34],P<0.001),and shortened the average time to fever resolution(MD=-1.78,95% CI[-2.56,-1.00],P<0.001).Conclusions  Bloodletting therapy can improve the clinical efficacy of pediatric fever,reduce the recurrence rate and shorten the time of fever reduction,and can be used as an adjunctive treatment for pediatric fever.
论著

基于“固肾泄浊”理法方药辨治慢性肾衰竭的应用

Prescription of chronic renal failure based on the theory of “reinforcing the kidney and reducing turbidity”

:293-298
 
       慢性肾衰竭(CRF)核心病机为脾肾两虚、湿浊瘀毒互结,形成“精亏-络损-浊毒”的恶性循环。文章基于“肾藏精泄浊”理论,系统阐释固肾泄浊法论治CRF的理论依据及临床实践经验。固肾泄浊法以“固肾培本,分消浊毒”为纲,通过填精固摄恢复脾肾气化枢纽,通络活血改善肾络瘀阻,并分消三焦湿浊、瘀浊、毒浊,打破“精微漏泄-浊毒蓄积—络脉损伤”病理过程。唐阁主任基于此创立固肾泄浊方,临床观察表明该方治疗CRF患者疗效确切。固肾泄浊方组方注重脾肾互根、寒温相济、升降相因,动态调整固肾与泄浊权重,契合CRF不同分期病机演变。固肾泄浊法融合藏象学说、络病理论及三焦气化论,以“补泻兼施、藏泄并调”实现标本同治,为CRF中医药治疗提供新思路。
       The core pathological mechanism of chronic renal failure(CRF)involves deficiency of the spleen and kidney,intertwined with dampness,turbidity,blood stasis and toxins,forming a vicious cycle of “essence deficiency-collateral damage-turbid toxin accumulation” Based on the theory of “The kidney stores essence and reduces turbidity”,this article systematically elucidates the theoretical foundation and clinical application of  reinforcing the kidney and  reducing turbidity method for treating CRF.This method,guided by the principles of “securing the kidney to strengthen the root,and resolving turbid toxins”,aims to replenish essence and consolidate the kidney to restore the pivotal qi transformation functions of the spleen and kidney,to unblock collaterals and circulate blood to ameliorate renal collateral stasis,to resolve damp-turbidity,stasis-turbidity,and toxin-turbidity from the Sanjiao.This strategy breaks the pathological progression of “leakage of essence-accumulation of turbid toxins-damage to collaterals”.Professor Tang Ge formulate this Reinforcing the Kidney and Reducing Turbidity Formula(固肾泄浊方,Gushen Xiezhuo Fang)based on this approach.Clinical observations confirmed its significant efficacy in CRF patients.The formula focuses on the interdependence of the spleen and kidney,balance of warm and cool properties,and harmony of ascending and descending actions.It dynamically adjusts the therapeutic focus between kidney-securing and turbidity-reducing to align with the evolving pathogenesis across different CRF stages.Integrating theories of visceral manifestation(Zangxiang),collateral disease,and Sanjiao qi transformation,reinforcing the kidney and  reducing turbidity method achieves simultaneous treatment of  root and branch through “simultaneous supplementation and drainage,concurrent storing and discharging”.This approach offers a novel perspective for the traditional Chinese medicine treatment of CRF.
综述

脑卒中后认知障碍患者早期干预模式的研究现状与进展

Research status and progress of early intervention methods for patients with cognitive impairment after stroke

:286-292
 
       脑卒中后认知障碍(PSCI)是脑卒中患者常见的并发症,严重影响患者的生活质量和社会功能。近年来,随着认知储备理论的发展和早期干预理念的普及,PSCI的早期干预模式逐渐成为研究热点。文章综述了PSCI早期干预模式的研究现状与进展,包括干预的理论基础、具体措施及未来发展方向,以期为临床实践和科研提供参考。
       Post-stroke cognitive impairment(PSCI)is a common complication among stroke patients.It seriously affects the patients’ quality of life and social functions.In recent years,with the development of the cognitive  reserve theory and the popularization of the concept of early intervention,the early intervention model for PSCI has gradually become a research hotspot.This article reviews the current research status and progress of the early intervention model for PSCI,including the theoretical basis of the intervention,specific measures,and future development directions,aiming to provide  references for clinical practice and scientific research.
综述

肝硬化患者消化道出血风险预测模型的系统综述

Systematic review of prediction models for gastrointestinal bleeding risk in cirrhosis patients

:277-285
 
       目的 汇总分析肝硬化患者消化道出血风险预测模型,为今后模型的建立和优化提供参考。方法   系统检索中国知网、维普、PubMed数据库在2025年4月22日前公开发表的所有肝硬化患者消化道出血风险预测模型,按纳入标准筛选文献,对最终纳入文章分析摘录并系统汇总,包括模型特征、危险因素及模型预测评估效果等信息。结果   共检索3 603篇预测模型相关研究论文,最终纳入30篇,其中中国27篇、韩国1篇、印度1篇、埃及1篇。22项研究收集了肝硬化病因,其中病毒性肝病最多(72.94%,2 922/4 006),药物性肝病及非酒精性脂肪性肝病最少(均为0.02%,1/4 006)。在研究类型上,有28篇单中心研究,2篇为多中心研究,其中有12个模型未进行验证,只有1个模型进行了外部验证,其余模型只进行了内部验证,曲线下面积(AUC)范围0.680~0.994。根据模型纳入因素特点,分为血常规指标、凝血指标、生化指标、影像学指标、复合指标、其他指标共6种,其中纳入因素最多为影像学指标,最少为凝血指标。在纳入危险因素中,第1位为门静脉直径,第2位为血小板计数,第3位为血红蛋白水平及脾脏硬度,所有因素中与脾脏相关的指标最多。结论   肝硬化患者消化道出血风险预测模型研究质量有待提升,影像学指标应用最广,脾脏相关指标重要性突出,门静脉直径、血小板计数、血红蛋白水平及脾脏硬度为最常用的危险预测因素。
       Objective  To  summarize and analyze the  prediction models for gastrointestinal  bleeding  risk in  patients with cirrhosis,providing references for the establishment and optimization of future models.Methods  A systematic search was conducted in CNKI,VIP,and PubMed for all published prediction models for gastrointestinal bleeding risk in patients with cirrhosis before April 22,2025.Articles were screened according to the inclusion criteria,and the finally included articles were analyzed and summarized,including model characteristics,risk factors,and model prediction evaluation effects.Results  A total of 3 603 related research papers on prediction models were initially retrieved,and 30 were finally included,with 27 from China,one from South Korea,one from India,and one from Egypt.Among the 22 studies that collected the etiology of cirrhosis,viral hepatitis was the most common(72.94%,2 922/4 006),while drug-induced liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease were the least common(0.02%,1/4 006).In terms of study type,28 were single-center studies and two were multicenter studies.Among them,12 models were not validated,only one model was externally validated,and the rest were only internally validated,with an area under the curve range of 0.680-0.994.According to the characteristics of the factors included in the models,they were divided into six types of indicators:blood routine,coagulation,biochemistry,imaging,composite,and others,among which imaging indicators were the most common and coagulation indicators were the least.In the included risk factors,the first was portal vein diameter,the second was platelets count,and the third was hemoglobin level and spleen stiffness,with the most factors related to the spleen.Conclusions  The quality of studies on prediction models for gastrointestinal bleeding risk in cirrhosis patients needs to be improved.Imaging indicators are the most widely used,and spleen-related indicators are of prominent importance,with portal vein diameter,platelets count,hemoglobin level,and spleen stiffness being the most commonly used risk prediction factors.
学术前沿

纤毛发育中基因的转录调控机制综述

A review on the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of ciliary development

:270-276
 
       纤毛是细胞表面的重要细胞器,广泛参与细胞运动、感知外界信号和维持器官功能等生理过程。纤毛的形成,即纤毛发生(ciliogenesis)是一个高度复杂且受精密调控的过程,涉及大量与纤毛结构和功能相关基因的表达与调控。近年来,随着基因组学和发育生物学的发展,越来越多的研究揭示了多种关键转录因子在纤毛发生中的调控作用,包括RFX家族、FOXJ1、MCIDAS、GEMC1、MYB、E2F等。这些转录因子共同构成了一个多层次、多通路交织的调控网络,调控纤毛组装、基体复制、纤毛定位和功能维持等多个方面。本文系统综述了纤毛相关基因转录调控的研究进展,特别是关键转录因子的功能、相互作用及其在纤毛病中的作用,为深入理解纤毛的发育机制和疾病治疗提供参考。
       Cilia are crucial cell-surface organelles involved in cell movement,signal sensing,and organ function maintenance.Their formation,or ciliogenesis,is a complex and  precisely controlled  process that  requires the expression and regulation of numerous cilia-related genes.Recent advances in genomics and developmental biology have uncovered the  regulatory roles of key transcription factors like the RFX family,FOXJ1,MCIDAS,GEMC1,MYB,and E2F in ciliogenesis.These factors form a multi-level,interconnected regulatory network that oversees cilium assembly,basal body replication,ciliary positioning,and function preservation.This review systematically examines current research on transcriptional regulation of ciliary genes,with a focus on the roles,interactions,and contributions of these key transcription factors to ciliopathies,offering insights into ciliary development and disease treatment.
专家述评

胰岛自身抗体检测——厘清实验特异度和疾病特异度的误解

Islet autoantibody detection:Clarifying the misconceptions of assay specificity and disease specificity

:264-269
 
       1型糖尿病(T1DM)是一种免疫介导的胰岛β细胞特异性破坏的自身免疫性疾病,全球发病率逐年上升。胰岛自身抗体(IAbs)是T1DM最可靠的生物标志物,用于早期预测和诊断。然而,传统的放射配体法(RBA)虽然具有高实验特异度,但在疾病特异度方面存在局限性,尤其是单抗体阳性的预测价值较低。近年来,电化学发光法(ECL)作为一种无放射性污染的新方法,能够区分高亲和力和低亲和力的IAbs,显著提高了疾病特异度。多项研究表明,ECL法在预测T1DM风险方面优于RBA法,特别是在单抗体阳性的情况下。本文综述了IAbs检测方法的进展及其在T1DM预测和诊断中的应用,强调了ECL法在提高疾病特异度方面的优势。
       Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM)is  an  autoimmune  disease  characterized  by the immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells,with a rising global incidence.Islet autoantibodies(IAbs)are the most  reliable biomarkers for early prediction and diagnosis of T1DM.However,the traditional radio-binding assay(RBA),despite its high experimental specificity,has limitations in disease specificity,particularly in the predictive value of single autoantibody positivity.Recently,the electrochemiluminescence(ECL)method,a non-radioactive approach,has been developed to distinguish high-affinity from low-affinity IAbs,significantly improving disease specificity.Multiple studies have shown that the ECL method outperforms RBA in predicting T1DM risk,especially in cases of single autoantibody positivity.This review discusses the advancements in IAbs detection methods and their applications in T1DM prediction and diagnosis,highlighting the advantages of the ECL method in enhancing disease specificity.
医学教育

人工智能驱动的模拟医学培训:技术革新与教育范式转型

Artificial intelligence-driven simulated medical training:Technological innovation and transformation of educational paradigms

:257-263
 
       本文系统探讨了人工智能(AI)技术在模拟医学培训中的应用现状、优势与挑战。AI通过虚拟患者系统、手术模拟评估、医学影像诊断培训及结构化报告优化四大核心场景,显著提升培训的智能化与个性化水平。研究表明,AI驱动的实时反馈机制(如手术技能评估系统)在随机对照试验中表现优于传统专家指导, 并具备大规模推广潜力, 可降低人力成本。然而,技术仍面临算法透明性、数据隐私伦理及临床转化效果验证等挑战。未来需深化跨学科合作, 结合增强现实(AR)等技术创新, 构建全球资源共享的智能认证体系, 推动医学教育范式转型。
       This review summarizes and discusses the application status, advantages,and challenges of artificial intelligence(AI)technology in simulated medical training.AI significantly enhances the intelligence and personalization of training through four core scenarios:virtual patient systems, surgical simulation assessment, medical imaging diagnosis training, and structured reporting optimization.Researches demonstrates that AI-driven real-time feedback mechanisms(e.g., surgical skill assessment systems)outperform traditional expert guidance in randomized controlled trials(P<0.001)and exhibit potential for large-scale implementation to reduce labor costs.However, challenges remain regarding algorithmic transparency, data privacy ethics, and clinical translation validation.Future efforts require deepened interdisciplinary collaboration, integration with innovations like augmented reality, and the establishment of a globally shared intelligent certification system to advance the transformation of medical education paradigms.
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