与正常组织细胞微环境相比,肿瘤微环境具有一定的异质性,包括偏酸性、氧化还原状态失衡、存在高浓度活性氧以及酶过量表达等。根据以上肿瘤微环境特点,可设计出一系列通过各种特殊微环境响应型连接臂相连的小分子或聚合物前药纳米粒。其中,多柔比星阿霉素作为一类最常见的广谱抗肿瘤药物在治疗肿瘤的过程中发挥重要作用。文章探讨了在肿瘤微环境特异性的生理状态下针对不同微环境所设计的多柔比星前药及其释放特性等,归纳总结了肿瘤微环境响应型多柔比星前药的研究进展。

Compared with normal tissue cell microenvironment, there is some differences in tumor microenvironment, such as partial acidity, imbalance of redox state, high concentration of reactive oxygen species and cathepsin. According to the above characteristics of tumor microenvironment, a series of small molecule or polymer prodrug nanoparticles connected by various special microenvironment responsive structures can be designed. Doxorubicin, as one of the most common broad-spectrum antitumor drugs, plays an important role in the treatment of tumors. This review discusses the doxorubicin prodrug designed for different tumor microenvironments under the physiological state of tumor microenvironment specificity and their release characteristics, and summarizes the research progress of tumor microenvironment-responsive doxorubicin prodrug.

       随着糖尿病患者的增加,因肺炎住院的糖尿病患者数也呈现出明显上升趋势。由于糖代谢紊乱及机体免疫功能下降等因素,细菌在高血糖的机体环境中快速繁殖并分泌大量毒素,增加了抗菌药物使用的时间跨度和细菌清除难度,对患者预后造成了极大的威胁。文章主要对糖尿病合并细菌性肺炎患者的病原学特征、耐药情况及药物治疗等进行阐述,旨在进一步为临床预防和治疗提供参考依据。

        With the increasing incidence in diabetes, the number of hospitalized diabetes patients with pneumonia is also increasing. Due to factors such as glucose metabolism disorders and decreased immune function in the body, bacteria rapidly multiply and secrete a large amount of toxins in the hyperglycemic environment,increasing the duration of antibiotic use and the difficulty of bacterial clearance, posing a great threat to patient prognosis. This article mainly elaborates on the pathogenic characteristics, drug resistance, and drug treatment of diabetes patients with bacterial pneumonia, aiming to provide reference for the clinical prevention and treatment.

        先天性血管瘤（CH）是一种较为罕见的良性血管肿瘤，出生前瘤体已经存在，按照出生后瘤体的生长特征可分为4类：不消退型CH、部分消退型CH、快速消退型CH以及迟发性扩张型CH。不同类型的CH其临床特征及治疗方式不同。结合近年CH的研究进展报道，文章对CH的发病机制、临床特征、诊断及治疗着重进行综述，以期更好地为临床诊治提供指导。

        Congenital hemangioma（CH）is a relatively rare benign vascular tumor that is present before birth．Based on the growth characteristics of CH after birth，CH can be classified into four types：non-involuting congenital hemangioma，partially involuting congenital hemangioma，rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma，and delayed expanding congenital hemangioma．Different types of CH exhibit distinct clinical features and require different treatment approaches．This  review focuses on  recent research advances in CH，including its pathogenesis，clinical characteristics，diagnosis，and treatment，aiming to provide better guidance for clinical practice．

       糖尿病肾病（DN）是指由糖尿病所致的慢性肾脏疾病，是目前我国和全球范围内慢性肾脏疾病和终末期肾脏疾病的首位病因。DN发病率逐年攀升，且预后不良，已成为我国重大的公共卫生问题之一。DN不仅明显降低了患者的生活质量，还增加了心血管疾病的风险。随着对DN发病机制的深入研究，近十余年来在DN治疗手段方面取得了显著进展，包括新型药物的研发、生活方式的干预及各种新兴疗法的探索。本文旨在系统性综述近年来DN领域的重要治疗进展，阐明这些进展在临床应用中的有效性和适用性，并展望未来的研究方向，以期为临床实践提供参考和指导。

       Diabetic nephropathy（DN）is a form of chronic kidney disease（CKD）induced by diabetes．Diabetic nephropathy represents the leading cause of CKD and end-stage renal disease both in China and globally．The incidence of DN has been steadily increasing and its prognosis remains unfavorable．Diabetic nephropathy has become a major public health concern．Diabetic nephropathy not only significantly affects patients’ quality of life but also increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases．Recent advancements in our understanding of the pathogenesis of DN have facilitated significant progress in treatment options over the past decade．These developments include the introduction of novel pharmacological agents，the implementation of lifestyle modifications，and the exploration of various emerging therapeutic approaches．This  review aims to  systematically expound the significant therapeutic advancements in the field of DN in recent years，evaluate the efficacy and applicability of these advancements in clinical practice，and explore potential future research directions，thereby providing valuable insights andguidance for clinical practice．

       无创正压通气的使用是患者发生鼻面部压力性损伤的重要原因之一，随着我国防控政策的放开，新增老年新冠感染患者急剧增加。文章对使用无创正压通气发生相关压力性损伤现状进行综述，介绍老年患者使用无创正压通气发生鼻面部压力性损伤的主要影响因素、评估方法以及预防措施现状，旨在为临床医务人员预防其相关压力性损伤提供参考。

       The use of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation is one of the important reasons for nasal and facial pressure injuries in patients．With the release of China's epidemic prevention policy，the number of new elderly patients with COVID-19 has increased dramatically．This paper summarizes the current situation of stress injuries caused by noninvasive positive pressure ventilation，introduces the main influencing factors，evaluation methods and prevention measures of nasal and facial stress injuries in elderly patients with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation，aiming to provide a reference for clinical medical personnel to prevent their related stress injuries．

        放射治疗（放疗）可以提高妇科恶性肿瘤患者的总体生存率，降低复发率，增加手术机会。但肿瘤周围的健康组织不可避免地会进入电离辐射区域从而导致阴道狭窄、缩短和失去弹性，文章结合近年来国内外的放疗后阴道损伤治疗方式进行综述，总结分析治疗的优缺点，旨在为放疗后阴道损伤的临床治疗提供帮助。

       Radiotherapy can improve the overall survival rate，reduce the  recurrence  rate and increase the chance of surgery in patients with gynecological malignant tumors．However，the healthy tissue around the tumor can inevitably be included the ionizing radiation area，resulting in vaginal stenosis，shortening and loss of elasticity．This paper reviews the treatment methods of post-radiotherapy vaginal injury at home and abroad in recent years，to summarize and analyze theadvantages and disadvantages of treatment，aiming to provide help for the clinical treatment of post-radiotherapy vaginal injury．

       目的   通过横断面研究，统计郑州地区创伤骨科护理人员的人文关怀能力，分析影响其能力的相关因素。方法   采用便利抽样法，选取郑州地区医院150位创伤骨科护理人员作为调查对象。使用一般资料调查表、人文关怀能力量表对研究对象进行调查，分析郑州地区医院创伤骨科护理人员人文关怀能力。结果   共发放150份问卷，有效回收率100%。人文关怀能力量表总分为（191.22±16.15）分，三个维度均分由高到低分别为耐心（5.21±0.37）分、勇气（4.62±0.75）分、认知（4.19±0.24）。护士的人文关怀能力在年龄、工作年限、职称、用工性质、工作满意度等方面比较差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论   本研究所在地区护理人员人文关怀能力处于中等水平，但与西方国家相比，仍有较大差距，因此在今后的临床护理培训中，应制定针对性的提高策略。

      Objective  To study the level of humanistic care ability among trauma orthopedic nurses in Zhengzhou and analyze the influencing factors．Methods  A cross-sectional study was conducted using convenience sampling to select 150 trauma orthopedic nurses from hospitals in Zhengzhou．Data were collected using a general information questionnaire and the Humanistic Care Ability Scale．Results  A total of 150 valid questionnaires were collected，with a response rate of 100%．The total score of the Humanistic Care Ability Scale was（191.22±16.15），with the dimensions scores ranked as patienc（5.21±0.37），courage（4.62±0.75）and cognition（4.19±0.24）．Significant differences in humanistic care ability were observed in terms of age，work experience，professional title，employment type，and job satisfaction（P＜0.05）．Conclusions  The humanistic care ability of trauma orthopedic nurses in Zhengzhou is at a moderate level，but there is still a gap compared to Western countries．Targeted training strategies and improving job satisfaction are recommended．

       受现代人们生活、饮食习惯改变、心理压力增加和睡眠质量下降等因素影响，胃食管反流病的发病率逐渐增加，对患者的工作生活和情绪造成了极大的影响。自我管理能够以患者为中心，提高患者在疾病治疗中的参与度，节约医疗资源，被广泛应用在慢性病管理中。而胃食管反流病患者的自我管理仍处于初步发展阶段，缺少科学、系统的评估工具和能够广泛实行的干预流程。文章通过对胃食管反流病患者的自我管理的概念、评估工具、干预方案等方面进行综述， 旨在为胃食管反流病患者自我管理的干预提供参考。

       As modern lifestyles and dietary habits change，psychological stress increases，and sleep quality declines，the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease（GERD）has been rising．This condition significantly impacts patients' work，daily life，and emotional well-being．Self-management，which centers on patient involvement，enhances participation in disease treatment，conserves medical resources，and is widely used in managing chronic diseases．However，self-management for GERD patients is still in its early stages，lacking scientifically systematic assessment tools and broadly applicable intervention protocols．This study reviews the concepts，assessment tools，and  intervention programs of self-management GERD patients，aiming to provide reference for the intervention of self-management of GERD patients．

       戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）是导致急性肝炎的重要病原体，部分HEV感染者可进展为肝衰竭，此外，慢性感染和肝外表现可也在HEV感染者中发生。全球每年感染HEV的患者数达2000万，其中330万例患者有肝炎相关的临床症状，年死亡例数约为4.4万（2015年数据）。在我国，HEV以散发流行为主。近年来由于对其研究的重视，HEV病原学、流行病学、临床诊疗和预防取得较大的进展，文章拟对目前HEV防治热点以及新进展进行总结和分析。

       Hepatitis E virus（HEV）is an important pathogen that causes acute hepatitis．Some HEV-infected individuals 

may progress to liver failure．In addition，chronic infection（including liver fibrosis and cirrhosis）and extrahepatic manifestations can also occur in HEV infection．Worldwide，there are 20 million cases of HEV infection each year，with  3.3 million cases presenting clinical symptoms related to hepatitis，and an annual death toll of approximately 44，000（data from 2015）．In China，HEV mainly present as sporadic outbreaks．In recent years，there has been significant progress in the pathogenesis，epidemiology，clinical diagnosis and treatment，and prevention of HEV．This review aims to summarize and analyze the current hotspots and new developments in the prevention and treatment of HEV．

       卵巢癌是导致女性死亡的全球第五大原因，其治疗效果受限于早期诊断和治疗方案的有限性。近年来，随着靶向治疗的不断发展，细胞死亡途径作为治疗靶点受到广泛关注，其中双硫死亡作为一种新发现的程序性细胞死亡形式，为癌症治疗提供了新的思路。文章探讨了双硫死亡及其他主要细胞死亡途径包括自噬、细胞焦亡、坏死性凋亡、铁死亡和铜死亡在卵巢癌治疗中的研究进展，有望为卵巢癌患者提供更有效的治疗选择。

    Ovarian cancer ranks as the fifth deadliest cancer among women worldwide，with treatment efficacy hampered 

by limited early diagnosis and therapeutic options．In recent years，with the continuous development of targeted therapies，cell death pathways have gained widespread attention as therapeutic targets．Among them，disulfideptosis，a newly discovered form of programmed cell death，offers a novel avenue for cancer treatment．This review aims to explore the research progress of disulfideptosis and other major cell death pathways including autophagy，apoptosis，necroptosis，ferroptosis，and cuproptosis in ovarian cancer therapy，with the potential to provide more effective treatment options for ovarian cancer patients．