自发性脑出血（SICH）是脑卒中的一种常见形式，其预后通常较差，因此早期评估和调节患者出血后的免疫状态至关重要。免疫检查点是评估T淋巴细胞活跃性和增殖状态的关键指标，监测这些检查点有助于预测脑出血患者的预后。程序性死亡蛋白1（PD-1）和细胞分化抗原28（CD28）作为两个典型的免疫检查点，它们在脑出血预后评估中的应用正逐渐成为研究的热点。该文综述了脑出血后机体免疫状态的变化，以及PD-1和CD28在脑出血后评估和治疗中的研究进展。
Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage（SICH）is a common cause of stroke，with specific outcomes often being poor．Therefore，early assessment and modulation of the immune status after hemorrhage are of critical importance．Immune checkpoints serve as key indicators for assessing the activation and proliferation of T cells，and monitoring these checkpoints can help to predict the outcomes of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage．PD-1（programmed death 1）and CD28（Cluster of Differentiation 28）are two representative immune checkpoints，and their use in prognostic assessment after intracerebral hemorrhage is becoming a focus of research．This article reviews the changes in the immune state of the body after intracerebral hemorrhage，as well as the research progress on the use of PD-1 and CD28 in the evaluation and treatment following intracerebral hemorrhage．
长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）是一类长度大于200个核苷酸转录本，通过调控DNA、RNA及蛋白质的表达和功能，参与肿瘤发生、发展并发挥重要作用的RNA，近年来lncRNA成为恶性肿瘤早期诊断和预后标志物研究新的关注方向。Linc-UBC1作为一种新发现的lncRNA，在多种恶性肿瘤如肺癌、胃癌、结直肠癌、宫颈癌、卵巢癌、食管鳞癌等中异常高表达，可通过作为竞争性RNA（ceRNA）、参与信号通路等促进肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭、细胞周期进展、细胞凋亡和上皮间充质转化（EMT）等过程；高表达的linc-UBC1能够增加恶性肿瘤的耐药性，其表达水平与肿瘤分期、淋巴结转移和原发肿瘤远处转移呈正相关；linc-UBC1有望成为许多恶性肿瘤的新型的生物标志物、预后预测因子和治疗靶点，但其具体的调控机制仍处于研究的早期阶段，有待进一步深入研究。文章就目前linc-UBC1在恶性肿瘤发生和发展中的作用研究进展进行综述。
Long non-coding RNA（lncRNA）is a class of transcripts with a length of more than 200 nucleotides．It isinvolved in the occurrence and development of tumors and plays an important role by regulating the expression and function of DNA，RNA and protein．In recent years，lncRNA has become a new research direction for early diagnosis and prognosis of malignant tumors．As a newly discovered lncRNA，linc-UBC1 is abnormally highly expressed in a variety of malignant tumors such as lung cancer，gastric cancer，colorectal cancer，cervical cancer，ovarian cancer，and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma．It can promote the proliferation，migration，invasion，cell cycle progression，cell apoptosis and EMT of tumor cells by acting as a competing endogenous RNA（ceRNA）and participating in signaling pathways．High expression of linc-UBC1 can increase the drug resistance of malignant tumors，and its expression level is positively correlated with tumor stage，lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis of primary tumors．linc-UBC1 is expected to become a new biomarker，prognostic predictor and therapeutic target for many malignant tumors，while its specific regulatory mechanism is still in the early stage of research and needs further in-depth study．This article reviews the current research progress of linc-UBC1 in the occurrence and development of malignant tumors．
目的 探究血清多配体蛋白聚糖-1（SCD-1）与可溶性血管内皮生长因子受体-2（sVEGFR-2）表达水平在老年慢性心力衰竭患者预后评估的判定价值。方法 选取2023年1月—2024年3月珠海市第五人民医院检验科收治的110例老年慢性心力衰竭患者，检测其血清SCD-1和sVEGFR-2水平，对患者进行随访调查，了解其再次由于心力衰竭住院、心源性死亡的情况。运用多因素Logistic回归分析，探究老年慢性心力衰竭患者预后影响因素。结果 Logistic回归分析显示，心功能分级（OR=3.433，95%CI：0.934~6.431）、B型脑钠肽升高（OR=2.462，95%CI：0.861~4.765）、血清SCD-1升高（OR=3.795，95%CI：0.972~6.894）、血清sVEGFR-2升高（OR=3.842，95%CI：0.942~6.912）为影响老年慢性心力衰竭患者预后不良的重要因素（P＜0.05）；联合血清SCD-1和sVEGFR-2曲线下面积0.962与B型脑肽钠曲线下面积0.844，相较于单一SCD-1曲线下面积0.658、sVEGFR-2曲线下面积0.712明显偏高（P＜0.05）。结论 经研究证实，老年慢性心力衰竭患者预后效果不理想，其血清SCD-1和sVEGFR-2监测水平异常升高，和老年慢性心力衰竭预后不佳存在关联性，可视为老年慢性心力衰竭患者判定预后效果的主要标志物。
Objective To investigate the prognostic value of serum syndecan-1（SCD-1）and soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2（sVEGFR-2）expression levels in elderly patients with chronic heart failure．Methods A total of 110 elderly patients with chronic heart failure admitted to our hospital were selected，with a time interval of January 2023 to March 2024．Serum SCD-1 and sVEGFR-2 levels were detected and follow-up investigations were conducted to understand their re hospitalization and cardiogenic death due to heart failure．Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to explore the prognostic factors affecting elderly patients with chronic heart failure．Results According to logistic retrospective analysis，heart function grading（OR=3.433，95%CI：0.934-6.431），elevated B-type brain natriuretic peptide（OR=2.462，95%CI：0.861-4.765），elevated serum SCD-1（OR=3.795，95%CI：0.972-6.894），and elevated serum sVEGFR-2（OR=3.842，95%CI：0.942-6.912）were important factors affecting the poor prognosis of elderly patients with chronic heart failure，with differences P＜0.05．The area under the curve of combined serum SCD-1 and sVEGFR-2 was 0.962，and the area under the curve of B-type brain peptide sodium was 0.844，which was significantly higher than that of a single SCD-1 curve of 0.658 and sVEGFR-2 curve of 0.712，with a difference of P＜0.05．Conclusions Research has confirmed that the prognosis of elderly patients with chronic heart failure is not satisfied，and their serum SCD-1 and sVEGFR-2 monitoring levels are abnormally elevated，which is related to the poor prognosis of elderly patients with chronic heart failure．It can be regarded as the main biomarker for defining the prognosis of elderly patients with chronic heart failure．
