目的 探讨内科治疗的高血压基底节区出血的疗效及预后相关的因素。方法 回顾性分析2005年4月—2014年12月贵阳市第二人民医院神经外科收治的174例高血压脑出血患者的临床资料,所有患者均采用内科保守治疗,对疗效及影响患者预后的因素进行分析。结果 174例患者中,死亡50例,持续植物生存状态4例,对124例存活患者进行随访,随访时间2~117个月,随访ADL分级Ⅰ级43例,Ⅱ级53例,Ⅲ级21例,Ⅳ级3例,Ⅴ级4例,预后较好者(ADL分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级)96例,预后不良者(ADL分级Ⅲ~Ⅴ级)28例。χ²检验显示入院 GCS评分和出血量是影响患者预后的因素。结论 影响高血压基底节区脑出血患者的预后因素较多,GCS评分较高、出血量少的患者可采用内科治疗,多数患者预后较好。

Objective To investigate treatment efficacy and the factors influencing prognosis of conservative treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in basal ganglia. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 174 patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in basal ganglia who were admitted to our hospital during the period from April 2005 to December 2014. All the patients were given internal medicine conservative treatment and followed up to observe the clinical curative effect to analyze the prognosis. Results Of the 174 patients, 50 patients died and 4 patients were persistent vegetative state. 124 patients were followed up for 2-117 months and they were classified according to ability of daily life(ADL) prognosis scale: 43 cases were in I grade, 53 cases in II grade, 21 cases in III grade, 3 cases in IV grade, 4 cases in V grade. 96 cases achieved favourable outcomes and 28 cases got poor outcomes.The results of Chi square test revealed that GCS scale and intracerebral hemorrhage volume were the factors influencing prognostic of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in basal ganglia. Conclusion There were many prognosis factors related with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. The curative effect and prognosis in patients with conservative treatment is obvious in these patients with high GCS scale and less intracerebral hemorrhage volume.

目的 初步探讨微泡增强的脉冲式超声治疗脾创伤出血的作用机制。方法 14只健康家犬随机分为3组,超声微泡组(MEUS组)6只、单纯超声组(TUS组)4只、单纯微泡组(MB组)4只。开腹切割脾建立脾破裂出血模型,MEUS组用脉冲式超声治疗仪辐照伤口,同时静脉匀速推注微泡;TUS组超声治疗时静脉推注生理盐水;MB组超声治疗仪假照的同时静脉推注微泡。治疗完毕,进行超声造影评价,并送病理组织学检查。结果 MEUS组造影示靶区造影增强缺损或者低灌注,但较粗大血管仍为增强显影。病理组织学见脾窦、微小血管扩张充血、血管周围组织水肿,血小板聚集,微小血管血栓形成。结论 微小血管血栓形成、微血管淤血扩张、周围组织水肿压迫是超声联合微泡治疗脾创伤出血的可能机理。

Objective To investigate the mechanism of haemostatic effect induced by microbubble(MB)enhanced therapeutic ultrasound(TUS)on splenic trauma. Methods 14 healthy dogs were divided into 3 groups.Six animals were treated by microbubble-enhanced therapeutic ultrasound(MEUS),the other eight animals were treated with TUS only group(n=4)and the MB only(n=4)served as the controls.The spleens of all animals were surgically exposed and a 20 mm long,5 mm deep incision was created on the spleens using scalpel.Contrast enhanced ultrasound(CEUS)was performed to assess the blocking effects of splenic circulation.The targeted spleens were harvested for pathological examination. Results A non-enhanced or perfusion defect region was formed within the treated area.The histological results showed splenic sinus hyperemia,microvascular hyperemia,perivascular tissue edema,platelet aggregation and intravascular thrombosis. Conclusion The mechanism of haemostatic effect on splenic trauma by microbubble enhanced ultrasound maybe intravascular thrombosis,microvascular hyperemia and perivascular tissue edema oppression simultaneously.

目的 通过对比观察常规西药和当归芍药散加减治疗哺乳期子宫上环术后子宫异常出血的临床效果,探讨其安全有效的治疗方法。方法 选取在哺乳期行子宫上环术的妇女96例,随机分为两组,西药组采用常规西药治疗,中药组采用当归芍药散加减方剂治疗。观察术前、术后及治疗后月经量的变化,并对实验结果进行分析和评价。结果 所有96例患者在行子宫上环术后均出现月经量较术前增多(P<0.05),在经过药物治疗后,所有患者月经量较治疗前减少(P<0.05),并治疗后月经量与术前月经量相比波动较小,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。中药组与西药组比较,治疗后月经量稍增多,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。西药组有5例患者出现头痛、头晕、恶心、呕吐等不适,对症处理或减量后好转,中药组无不良反应病例。结论 西药及中药治疗哺乳期子宫上环术后子宫异常出血效果相当,当归芍药散加减方剂副作用小,具有较高的可靠性和安全性,值得借鉴与推广。

目的 回顾性分析采用内镜下氩离子凝固术治疗胃出血的治疗效果,为临床治疗胃出血提供经验及理论基础。方法 选取2010年1月—2014年7月我院收治的胃出血患者199例,随机分为两组,分别对其进行内镜下氩离子凝固术治疗和内镜下高频电凝治疗,总结对比其治疗效果,并对其并发症情况进行统计。结果 经治疗后,A组28例胃黏膜溃烂出血患者未再出血27例(96.43%),E组22例胃黏膜溃烂出血患者未再出血例数17例(77.27%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);A组治疗后形成局部炎性肉芽肿及发生胃穿孔的百分比低于E组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 采用内镜下氩离子凝固术治疗胃出血,止血率高,并发症发生率低,效果良好,值得在临床中推广使用。

Objective A retrospective analysis was performed using endoscopic argon plasma coagulation treatment of stomach bleeding, to provide experience and theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of stomach bleeding. Methods January 2010-July 2014 199 cases of bleeding in patients admitted to our hospital.They were randomly divided into two groups and had therapeutic endoscopic argon plasma coagulation. We summarized the treatment effect and its complications statistics. Results After therapy, 27 gastric mucosa fester patients(96.43%) of 28 patients in group A stopped bleeding and 17 gastric mucosa fester patients(77.27%) of 22 patients in group B stopped bleeding and the difference is statistical significance(P<0.05), and the incidence rate of inflammatory granuloma and gastric perforation of group A is significant lower than that of group B (P<0.05). Conclusion Endoscopic argon plasma coagulation therapy is taken to treat gastrorrhagia, hemostasis rate is higher and complication rate is lower. It is worth widely using in the clinic.

      目的  探讨心脏瓣膜置换术后患者异常出血的判断与处理。方法  选取2020年1月—2024年5月广州医科大学附属第一医院收治的30例心脏瓣膜置换术后异常出血的患者，将其纳入观察组，另选取同期收治的200例心脏瓣膜置换术后未出现异常出血的患者为对照组。对比两组患者预后情况和两组患者舒张压、收缩压、心率、术后3 h内引流量相关异常出血判断相关指标情况。采用Logistics回归模型分析心脏瓣膜置换术后患者异常出血的影响因素。结果   观察组住院时间、左心室射血分数（LVEF）水平高于对照组，左室舒张末期内径低于对照组，且观察组术后感染、心律失常、低心排综合征发生率高于对照组（P＜0.05）；观察组术后舒张压、收缩压、心率及术后3 h内引流量高于对照组（P＜0.05）；观察组与对照组患者吸烟史、合并糖尿病、抗凝依从性比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；吸烟史、抗凝依从性为心脏瓣膜置换术后患者异常出血的影响因素（P＜0.05）。结论  心脏瓣膜置换术后患者异常出血的发生可严重影响患者预后水平，增加患者并发症发生率，影响心功能恢复，通过舒张压、收缩压、心率及术后3 h内引流量可为异常出血的判断提供参考意见。另外，吸烟史、抗凝依从性为心脏瓣膜置换术后患者异常出血的独立影响因素，因此对异常出血患者进行常规治疗的同时要密切监测患者危险因素，实施科学的护理干预，改善患者抗凝依从性，降低异常出血发生率。

       Objective  To explore the  diagnosis and management of abnormal  bleeding in  patients after  heart valve replacement surgery．Methods  Thirty patients with abnormal bleeding after heart valve  replacement surgery admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from January 2020 to May 2024 were  retrospectively analyzed and divided into an observation group．In addition，200 patients who did not experience abnormal bleeding after heart valve  replacement surgery admitted during the same period were selected as the control group．Prognosis of two groups of patients were compared，and the related indicators of diastolic blood pressure，systolic blood pressure，heart rate，and abnormal bleeding  related to drainage flow within 3 hours after surgery were evaluated．Finally，the logistic  regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of abnormal bleeding in patients after heart valve replacement．Results  The length of hospital stay and left ventricular ejection fractionin the observation group were higher than those in the control group，and the left ventricular end diastolic diameter was lower in the observation group than in the control group，and the incidence of postoperative infection，arrhythmia，and low cardiac output syndrome was significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group（P＜0.05）．The postoperative diastolic blood pressure，systolic blood pressure，heart rate，and drainage volume within 3 hours in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group（P＜0.05）．The smoking history，diabetes，and anticoagulation compliance were different between the observation and control groups（P＜0.05）．A history of smoking and adherence to anticoagulation were independent influencing factors for abnormal bleeding in patients after heart valve replacement（P＜0.05）．Conclusions  The occurrence of abnormal bleeding in patients after heart valve replacement can greartly affect the patient’s prognosis，increase the incidence of complications，and affect cardiac function recovery．Reference opinions can be provided for the diagnosis of abnormal bleeding based on diastolic blood pressure，systolic blood pressure，heart rate，and postoperative drainage volume within three hours．In addition，a history of smoking and adherence to anticoagulation are independent influencing factors for abnormal bleeding in patients after heart valve replacement．Therefore，while routine treatment is performed on patients with abnormal bleeding，close monitoring of patient  risk factors is necessary，scientific nursing interventions should be implemented to improve patient adherence to anticoagulation and reduce the incidence of abnormal bleeding．

       自发性脑出血（SICH）是脑卒中的一种常见形式，其预后通常较差，因此早期评估和调节患者出血后的免疫状态至关重要。免疫检查点是评估T淋巴细胞活跃性和增殖状态的关键指标，监测这些检查点有助于预测脑出血患者的预后。程序性死亡蛋白1（PD-1）和细胞分化抗原28（CD28）作为两个典型的免疫检查点，它们在脑出血预后评估中的应用正逐渐成为研究的热点。该文综述了脑出血后机体免疫状态的变化，以及PD-1和CD28在脑出血后评估和治疗中的研究进展。

       Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage（SICH）is a common cause of stroke，with  specific outcomes often being poor．Therefore，early assessment and modulation of the immune status after hemorrhage are of critical importance．Immune checkpoints serve as key indicators for assessing the activation and proliferation of T cells，and monitoring these checkpoints can help to predict the outcomes of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage．PD-1（programmed death 1）and CD28（Cluster of Differentiation 28）are two representative immune checkpoints，and their use in prognostic assessment after intracerebral hemorrhage is becoming a focus of research．This article reviews the changes in the immune state of the body after intracerebral hemorrhage，as well as the research progress on the use of PD-1 and CD28 in the evaluation and treatment following intracerebral hemorrhage．

       目的   探讨白蛋白-胆红素（ALBI）联合中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值（NLR）预测肝硬化合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血（EGVB）的临床价值。方法   回顾性分析2021年1月—2022年12月肇庆市第一人民医院消化内科收治的80例肝硬化合并EGVB患者的临床资料，通过电话及门诊、再入院对其进行为期1年的随访，根据随访结果，将其分为2组，即存活组（n=69）与死亡组（n=11），分析导致患者死亡的危险因素，并评估ALBI联合NLR预测肝硬化合并EGVB患者死亡的临床价值。结果   死亡组的年龄60岁以上、腹水和肝性脑病者占比，总胆红素（TBiL）、NLR、凝血酶原时间（PT）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）水平及ALBI评分均高于存活组（均P＜0.05），而血红蛋白（HGB）、白蛋白（ALB）及血钠水平均低于存活组（均P＜0.05）；Logtisic回归分析显示，年龄60岁以上、腹水、肝性脑病和TBiL、NLR水平升高及ALBI分级为3级是肝硬化合并EGVB患者死亡的危险因素（均P＜0.05）；ALBI联合NLR预测肝硬化合并EGVB患者预后的准确率及灵敏度高于单一诊断，漏诊率低于单一诊断（P＜0.05）。结论   肝硬化合并EGVB患者可见ALBI评分及NLR水平升高，而以上两种指标是患者死亡的危险因素，将其联合检测可评估患者预后，预测其死亡风险。

       Objective  To investigate the clinical value of albumin-bilirubin（ALBI）combined with neutrophil lymphocyte ratio（NLR）in predicting liver cirrhosis complicated with esophageal  and gastric varices bleeding（EGVB）．Methods The clinical data of 80 patients with liver cirrhosis complicated with EGVB admitted to the Department of Gastroenterology of the First People’s Hospital of Zhaoqing from January 2021 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed．They were followed up for one year by telephone，outpatient service and readmission．According to the follow-up results，they were divided into the survival group（n=69）and the death group（n=11）．The risk factors leading to the death of patients were analyzed and evaluated．Results  The proportion of age over 60，ascites and hepatic encephalopathy，the levels of TBiL，NLR，PT，ALT and ALBI in the death group were higher（P＜0.05），while the levels of HGB，ALB and blood sodium were lower（P＜0.05）．Logistics analysis showed that age over 60，ascites，hepatic encephalopathy，NLR and ALBI grade 3 were independent risk factors for the death（P＜0.05）．The accuracy and sensitivity of ALBI combined with NLR in predicting their prognosis were significantly higher than that of single diagnosis，and the missed diagnosis rate was lower（P＜0.05）．Conclusions  ALBI scores and NLR levels significantly increase in patients with liver cirrhosis complicated with EGVB，and the above two indexes are risk factors for the death，and the combination of them can evaluate the prognosis of patients and predict the death risk．