目的 探讨我院17年间前列腺癌患者的临床特征如发病年龄、前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)、Gleason评分、分期及穿刺阳性率等的变化。方法 采用回顾性分析,对广州市第一人民医院2000—2016年泌尿外科1 231例穿刺活检的患者及564例前列腺癌患者资料进行分析,按患者的诊断时间分为A组(2000—2005年)、B组(2006—2009年)、C组(2010—2012年)、D组(2013—2014年)、E组(2015—2016年),对各组的年龄、PSA、Gleason评分、分期及穿刺活检阳性率进行统计学分析,看各组间的各项指标差异是否有统计学意义。结果 5组年龄均值(73.36,73.74,72.05,73.40,72.96岁)、PSA均值(208.95,190.25,173.19,283.54,148.69 μg/L)及穿刺活检阳性率均值(48%,43%,37%,44%,39%)差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。5组Gleason均值为6.80,6.73,7.12,6.93,7.32,A、B组和E组Gleason评分差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05),其余各组Gleason评分差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。TNM分期转化得分5组均值为5.96,6.80,7.05,7.31,6.83, A和C组、D组、E组差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05),其余各组TNM分期转化得分差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论 17年间前列腺癌患者诊断时的年龄、PSA水平及穿刺活检阳性率没有显著变化。

Objective To investigate changes of inpatients with prostate cancer in the last 17 years such as age of onset, prostate specific antigen (PSA), Gleason score, prostate cancer staging and positive rate of prostate biopsy. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted in 1 231 cases of biopsy patients of urology and 564 patients with prostate cancer who were hospitalized in the First People's Hospital of Guangzhou from 2000 to 2016. According to the time of diagnose. All the patients were divided into five groups: group A(2000-2005),group B(2006-2009),group C(2010-2012), group D(2013-2014)and group E(2015-2016). The age, PSA, Gleason score, staging and positive rate of prostate biopsy were compared to realize whether the indicators of the differences between groups was statistically significant. Results In five groups, means of age, PSA, Gleason score and prostate biopsy positive rate are respectively 73.36,73.74,72.05,73.40,72.96 years; 208.95,190.25,173.19,283.54,148.69 μg/L;6.80,6.73,7.12,6.93,7.32; 5.96,6.80,7.05,7.31,6.83 and 48%,43%,37%,44%,39%. There was no significant difference in age, PSA and positive rate of prostate biopsy (P>0.05). The Gleason scores of group A and group E, group B and group E were statistically significant (P<0.05), while the other groups had no significant differences in Gleason score (P>0.05). There werestatistical significancein TNM staging score between group A and group C,group D, group E(P <0.05),while the other groups had nostatistical significance (P>0.05). Conclusion There are no change of prostate cancer patients in diagnosis of age, PSA levels and positive rate of prostate biopsy in the past 17 years.

目的 研究对比胃癌患者术前胃镜活检病理与外科术后病理的异同并进行观察。方法 选取我院消化科于2016年7月—2017年12月收治的64例胃癌患者作为此次研究对象,术前均展开胃镜活检,术后展开外科病理检查,判断两种诊断方法的异同。结果 胃癌确诊率对比,术前胃镜活检后确诊胃癌患者占比85.9%(55/64),疑似胃癌患者占比10.9%(7/64),排除胃癌患者占比3.1%(2/64),术前胃镜活检确诊率85.9%,低于术后病理诊断95.3%,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);胃镜活检病理结果对比,术前胃镜检查黏液腺癌占比35.9%,乳头状腺癌占比51.6%,均高于术后病理检查的25.0%、28.1%,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);胃镜活检分化程度结果对比,胃镜病理与术后病理检查结果对比有明显差异,具有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 对胃癌进行诊断时,尽管术前胃镜活检病理检查与外科术后病理检查结果存在差异,但术前胃镜活检对胃癌确诊率较为理想,可作为术前诊断参考,外科术后病理检查对全面评估胃癌病情具有较高应用价值,值得在临床中应用。

目的 探讨乳腺癌原发病灶超声声像图特点及病理分子分型与腋窝淋巴结转移的相关性。方法 回顾性分析106例接受乳腺超声检查及腋窝淋巴结活检,病理确诊为乳腺癌的患者资料。超声观察乳腺癌原发病灶的位置、大小、有无钙化、纵横比、内部血流、腋窝淋巴结声像图特点,结合临床病理学特点,分析与腋窝淋巴结转移相关的因素。结果 超声诊断未见明显异常的腋窝淋巴结75例,可疑的腋窝淋巴结31例;病理证实腋窝淋巴结未转移70例,转移36例。灵敏度66.7%、特异度90%、阳性预测值77.4%、阴性预测值84%。单因素分析显示原发肿块的位置、最大径、腋窝淋巴结淋巴门消失、ER表达与腋窝淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05 )。多因素分析显示原发肿块的位置、腋窝淋巴结淋巴门消失与腋窝淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05)。结论 腋窝淋巴结常规超声检查结合乳腺癌原发病灶超声声像图及病理分子分型有助于评估腋窝淋巴结状态。

Objective To analyse the ultrasonographic features and pathological molecular typing of the primary lesions and axillary lymph node (ALN) of breast cancer related to axillary lymph node metasta-sis(ALNM). Methods The Grey-scale and color Doppler ultrasound and axillary lymph node biopsy were performed in 106 patients with breastcarcinomas. The observed features included the position,the most dimen-sion,inner calcification,aspect ratio,the type of blood supply of the primary tumor and axillary lymph node image. Combining with the clinicopathological features, we analyzed the factors associated with axillary lymph node metastasis. Results Ultrasound found normal axillary lymphnodes in 70 patients and abnormal in 31 patients. Pathology confirmed axillary lymph node metastasis in 36 patients, and no metastasis in 70 patients.The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value were 66.7%, 90%, 77.4% and 84% r-espectively.Univariate analysis showed that the location, maximum diameter, lymphnode with disappearance hilus and ER expression were related to axillary lymph node metastasis (P< 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that the location of primary mass and lymph node with disappearance hilus were related to axillary lymph node metastasis (P< 0.05). Conclusion Axillary lymph node routine ultrasound examination combined with ultrasonographic and pathological molecular typing of primary breast cancer is helpful to evaluate axillary lymph node status.

目的 统计分析2011—2014年我院分离的肠杆菌科细菌数据,探讨耐碳青霉烯肠杆菌科细菌(CRE)的流行特征。方法 收集肠杆菌科细菌,根据药敏结果筛选出CRE菌株,并对相关临床资料进行统计分析。结果 共分离得到CRE菌株187株,标本来源依次为尿液(32.6%)、痰液(28.9%)和血液(10.7%)。从科室分布来看,39.0%的菌株来自重症监护室病区,23.0%的菌株来自泌尿外科病区,在其它病区呈散发分布。菌株的种属分布方面,肺炎克雷伯菌的比例为39.6%, 大肠埃希菌的比例为20.9%;从病人年龄构成来看,50岁以上高龄患者的分离比例达74.4%。CRE的分离数目随年份的递增而不断升高。结论 耐碳青霉烯肠杆菌科细菌的流行率呈现逐年递增的趋势,临床应合理使用相关抗生素,预防和控制CRE在医院环境中的流行。

Objective To investigate the epidemiological features of carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae in a collection of clinical Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated during 2011-2014 from our hospital. Methods The Enterobacteriaceae strains were collected and CRE strains were screened by their resistance to carbapenems. Clinical information was analyzed to characterize the epidemiological traits of CRE strains. Results The total number of CRE isolates was 187. These CRE strains were isolated from various clinical specimens, including urine(32.6%), sputum (28.9%), blood (10.7%), and so on. These strains were frequently isolated from intensive care units (ICU) (39.0%) and department of Urology (23.0%). The most frequently isolated species were Klebsiella pneumoniae (39.6%), Escherichia coli (20.9%). The isolation rate is much higher in elderly patients more than 50 years old (74.4%). The percentage of CRE isolates were kept on increasing by years. Conclusion The prevalence carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae in our hospital is increasing every year and it is important to prevent and control the transmission and outbreaks of CRE in the hospital by proper use of related antibiotics in clinical treatment.

目的 探讨新生儿早发型B族链球菌(GBS)败血症的临床特点,提高对本病的认识。方法 选取我院2010—2012年我院新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)收治的新生儿资料,回顾性分析GBS的临床表现、实验室检查、治疗和转归。结果 早发型GBS败血症8例,占住院患儿的6.28‰,均为足月儿,生后24小时内发病,以气促、发绀等呼吸系统症状为主,其中4例出现感染性休克表现;实验室检查提示血常规WBC:2.07~14.1×10⁹/L,＜5×10⁹/L 5例,中性粒细胞绝对值0.54~8.32×10⁹/L。胸部X线提示:肺部纹理粗乱,渗出增多。1例需机械通气辅助呼吸。青霉素联合头孢三代或万古霉素治疗有效,重症感染者需加强支持治疗。结论 应重视新生儿早发型无乳链球菌败血症早期呼吸系统症状,尽早诊断和治疗,降低病死率。

Objective To investigate the clinical features of early-on set neonatal Group B Streptococcal (GBS)septicemia in order to guide the clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods Retrospectively analysing the clinical presentation, laboratory examination, treatment and prognosis of the 8 cases of all newborns from 2010 to 2012 in our hospital. Results The incidence of neonatal early-on set Group B Streptococcal septicemia was 6.28‰.8 cases were full-term infants in this study.Respiratory symptoms such as anhelation and cyanosis were first signs of early-on set Group B streptococcal septicemia within 24 hours after birth; 4 cases of septic shock. Results of laboratory tests included WBC:2.07~14.1×10⁹/L, in which 5 cases were ＜5×10⁹/L, N 0.54~8.32×10⁹/L. Chest X-ray: lung texture showed coarse and disorderly, leakage was increased. One case needed respiratory support with mechanical ventilation. Intravenous treatment of neonatal GBS with penicillin combined with Vancomycin was effective. Patients of serve infections should be provided supportive care. Conclusion Patients of serve early symptom of respiratory system should be paid attention. Early diagnosis and treatment should be as soon as possible to reduce fatalities.

目的 探讨子宫内膜微腺体癌的临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法 对1例首诊误诊为子宫颈微腺体增生的子宫内膜微腺体癌病例进行临床、病理组织学及免疫组织化学特征的观察及总结,同时进行相关文献复习。结果 本例患者年龄61岁,因绝经后阴道不规则流血1年就诊,B超提示子宫内膜不规则增厚,并行分段诊刮术,先后两次诊刮标本光镜下均见黏液性柱状上皮呈乳头状及网格状结构,细胞轻度异型,核分裂罕见,间质内大量中性粒细胞浸润伴腺上皮内“微脓肿”形成;免疫组化示:上皮成分P16弥漫强(+),CEA小灶(+),Vimentin弥漫(+),ER约90%(+,中-强),PR约90%(+,弱),Ki-67约3%(+),间质细胞CD10(+)、CD34(-)。结论 子宫内膜微腺体癌是一种极为罕见的子宫内膜黏液腺癌,其组织学形态与子宫颈良性病变微腺体增生十分相似,易于混淆,但通过免疫组化检查及详细地临床病史资料收集、分析,可以与其鉴别,从而做出正确地诊断。

Objective To investigate clinical and histopathological features, dignosis and differential diagnosis of the endometrial microglandular adenocarinoma (MGA). Methods The clinical and pathological features of microglandular adenocarinoma in a patient were observed. Immunohistochemical staining and literature review were also used. Results In the case, the age of patient was 61 years. Clinical manifestation was vaginal irregular bleeding for 1 year. Type-B ultrasound suggested endometrium was irregular thickening. Histologically, it was mainly composed of irregular shape, closely spaced small glands, and glandular cells was mild atypical. Mitosis was rarely observed. The endometrial stromata between gland were rare, but neutrophil were much observed with the formation of neutrophil microabscess in the glandular epithelium. Immunohistochemical study showed neoplastic cells were diffuse and strongly positivity for P16, diffuse positivity for vimentin, focally positive for CEA. ER and PR expression was found in approximately 90% tumor cells. The index of Ki-67 was about 3%. Interstitial cells were positivity for CD10, negativity for CD34. Conclusion The microglandular adenocarcinoma is a rare endometrial adenocarcinoma. It can be differentiated from cervical microglandular hyperplasia(MGH) and cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma by immunohistochemistry and morphological characteristics.

       目的   探讨支气管镜灌洗用于儿童重症肺部感染合并肺实变的治疗效果及对CT特征、肺功能的影响。方法   选取2022年5月—2024年5月铜仁市人民医院收治的100例重症肺部感染合并肺实变患儿开展前瞻性研究，应用随机数表法分为对照组和观察组，每组各50例。对照组患儿采取常规治疗，观察组则采取常规治疗加支气管镜灌洗治疗。对比其临床疗效，治疗前后炎症因子、CT特征及肺功能变化。结果   观察组治疗总有效率高于对照组（P＜0.05）；治疗后观察组患儿白细胞计数（10.36±2.52）×10⁹ /L、白细胞介素-6（20.57±5.05）ng/L、C反应蛋白（13.12±2.64）mg/L、降钙素原（101.62±12.16）pg/L均低于对照组白细胞计数（13.25±3.32）×10⁹ /L、白细胞介素-6（31.69±4.11）ng/L、C反应蛋白（16.16±4.44）mg/L、降钙素原（113.46±18.11）pg/L（P＜0.05）；治疗后两组患儿胸腔积液、支气管壁增厚、空气支气管征、肺部实变、磨玻璃影等相关CT影像特征占比下降，且观察组低于对照组（P＜0.05）；治疗后两组患儿呼气流量峰值水平均升高，观察组（90.67±18.45）L/s高于对照组（81.27±17.69）L/s，用力肺活量水平均更高，观察组（3.33±0.68）L高于对照组（2.68±0.25）L（P＜0.05）。结论   针对儿童重症肺部感染合并肺实变，在常规治疗基础上增加支气管镜灌洗可提升临床疗效，减轻机体炎症反应，改善胸部CT各种表现及肺功能。

        Objective  To explore the therapeutic effects of bronchoalveolar lavage in children with  severe pulmonary infection complicated by lung consolidation and its impact on CT features and pulmonary function．Methods A prospective study was conducted on 100 children with severe pulmonary infection complicated with pulmonary consolidation in a hospital from May 2022 to May 2024．They were randomly divided into observation group and control group using a random number table method，50 cases in each group．The control group of children received routine treatment，and the observation group received conventional treatment plus bronchoalvelar lavage．Clinical efficacy，inflammatory factors，CT features，and alterations in pulmonary function before and after therapy were compared．Results  The total effective rate of the observation group was higher than that of the control group（P＜0.05）．After treatment，the white blood cell count（10.36±2.52）×10⁹ /L，interleukin-6（20.57±5.05）ng/L，C-reactive protein（13.12±2.64）mg/L，and procalcitonin（101.62±12.16）pg/L in the observation group were all lower than those in the control group（13.25±3.32）×10⁹ /L，interleukin-6（31.69±4.11）ng/L，C-reactive protein（16.16±4.44）mg/L，and procalcitonin（113.46±18.11）pg/L（P＜0.05）．After treatment，the proportion of CT imaging features such as pleural effusion，bronchial wall thickening，air bronchogram sign，lung consolidation，ground glass opacities，decreased in both groups of children，and the observation group was lower than the control group（P＜0.05）．After treatment，the peak levels of expiratory flow in both groups of children increased，with the observation group（90.67±18.45）L/s higher than the control group（81.27±17.69）L/s．The forced vital capacity levels were also higher，with the observation group（3.33±0.68）L higher than the control group（2.68±0.25）L（P＜0.05）．Conclusions  Adding bronchoalvelar lavage to routine treatment for children with severe pulmonary infection complicated with pulmonary consolidation can improve their clinical efficacy，alleviate inflammatory reactions，and improve various chest CT manifestations and lung function．

        目的   探讨出生胎龄＜37周早产儿发生败血症时的临床特征及其不良结局的危险因素。方法   收集2020年1月—2023年12月安徽医科大学第一附属医院本部新生儿科收治出生胎龄＜37周且发生败血症早产儿的临床资料；根据败血症发生时间分为早发型败血症（EOS）49例，晚发型败血症（LOS）150例；根据是否出现不良结局，分为结局不良组90例，结局良好组109例。分析EOS和LOS败血症的临床特征，并采用多因素Logistic回归分析早产儿败血症出现不良结局的危险因素。结果  早产儿败血症中EOS患儿出生胎龄更小，生后1 min Apgar评分更低，孕母羊水污染、胎膜早破≥18 h发生率较LOS更高（P＜0.05）；早产儿败血症临床表现无特异性，但LOS患儿休克发生率更高（P＜0.05）；早产儿易发生革兰阴性菌感染，合并先天性心脏病（OR=2.490，P＜0.05）、出生胎龄＜30周（OR=4.851，P＜0.05）、出生体质量小于1 500 g（OR=4.169，P＜0.05）是早产儿败血症发生不良结局的危险因素。结论  早产儿败血症临床表现无特异性，更易发生革兰阴性菌感染，出生胎龄越小、体质量越低发生不良结局的风险更高。

       Objective  To analyze the clinical characteristics and  risk factors of adverse outcomes of  sepsis in premature infants with gestational age ＜ 37 weeks．Methods  Clinical data of preterm infants ＜ 37 weeksof gestational age admitted to the Department of Neonatology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from January 2020 to December 2023 were collected．According to the timing of sepsis，49 cases with early-onset sepsis（EOS）and 150 cases with late-onset sepsis（LOS）were diagnosed．According to the outcome，90 cases were divided into the adverse outcome group and 109 cases were good outcome group．The clinical characteristics of EOS and LOS were analyzed，and the risk factors of adverse outcomes were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression．Results The gestational age of EOS infants was smaller at birth，the 1 minute Apgar score was lower ，and the incidence of amniotic fluid contamination and premature rupture of membranes ≥18h were higher than those in LOS infants（P＜0.05）．The clinical manifestations of sepsis in premature infants were not specific，but the incidence of shock was higher in LOS children（P＜0.05）．Preterm infants were more likely to develop gram-negative bacterial infection，congenital heart disease（OR=2.490，P＜0.05），gestational age ＜30 weeks（OR=4.851，P＜0.05），and birth weight ＜ 1 500 g（OR=4.169，P＜0.05）were identified as significant risk factors for adverse sepsis outcomes in preterm infants．Conclusions The clinical manifestations of septicemia in preterm infants are non-specific，and they are more likely to suffer from gram-negative bacterial infection．The younger the gestational age and lower the birth weight of preterm infants，the higher the risk of adverse outcomes after sepsis．

       目的   总结女性生殖系统中恶性中胚叶混合瘤（MMMT）的临床病理特征及预后，分析P53及错配修复蛋白与MMMT发病之间的关系。方法   收集大理大学第一附属医院2015年9月—2022年9月15例经手术切除病理诊断为MMMT的病例，总结临床病理特点、免疫表型（P53、错配修复蛋白等）、治疗方案并随访。结果  15例MMMT原发于子宫10例，卵巢5例。发病年龄范围49~76岁，平均年龄60岁，中位年龄58岁。临床表现为阴道流血或流液，伴或不伴腹痛或盆腔包块。镜下肿瘤均由不同比例的恶性上皮和间叶源性肿瘤构成，P53野生型12例，突变型3例；错配修复蛋白（MSH6、MSH2、MLH1、PMS2）检测存在缺失的有4例。15例患者中均行手术治疗，12例行盆腔淋巴结清扫术，术后辅以放化疗。随访失访2例，死亡4例，复发6例，3例术后无复发和转移。结论   恶性中胚叶混合瘤临床少见，恶性程度高，病理诊断上存在困难，需要辅以免疫组织化学染色，P53及错配修复蛋白缺失与MMMT的发生存在一定关系。治疗上需要手术切除，辅以放化疗。

    Objective  To summarize the clinical and pathological characteristics and prognosis of malignant mesodermal mixed tumor（MMMT）in the female reproductive system，and analyze the relationship between P53 and mismatch  repair proteins and the onset of MMMT．Methods  A total of 15 cases diagnosed with MMMT after surgical resection at the First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University from September 2015 to September 2022 were collected．The clinical and pathological characteristics，immune phenotype（P53，mismatch repair protein，etc. ），treatment plan were summarized．And the patients were followed-up．Results  Ten of 15 cases of MMMT were primary in the uterus and 5 of 10 in the ovaries．The age range of onset was 49 to 76 years old，with an average age of 60 and a median age of 58．Clinical manifestations included vaginal bleeding or fluid discharge，with or without abdominal pain or pelvic masses．Under the microscope，all tumors were composed of malignant epithelial and mesenchymal tumors in different proportions，with 12 cases of P53 wild-type and 3 cases of mutant type．There were 4 cases of missing mismatch repair proteins（MSH6，MSH2，MLH1，PMS2）detected．Among the 15 patients，all underwent surgical treatment，and 12 underwent pelvic lymph node dissection with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy．Two cases were lost to follow-up，four cases died，six cases recurred，and three cases had no recurrence or metastasis after surgery．Conclusions  MMMT are rare in clinical practice，with high malignancy and poor prognosis．Pathological diagnosis is difficult，and immunohistochemical staining is needed．The absence of P53 and mismatch repair protein is related to the occurrence of MMMT. Surgical  resection is required for treatment，supplemented by radiotherapy and chemotherapy．