儿童孤立性直肠溃疡综合征(SRUS)是一种较为罕见的慢性直肠疾病,儿童发病率低且缺乏明确统计学数据。该病主要表现为便血、排黏液便和排便不尽感,临床诊断较为困难,常易误诊为其他疾病。其发病机制尚不明确,可能与排便习惯异常、直肠黏膜异常、血管异常以及遗传易感性等多种因素有关,其中 CHEK2 基因的 p.H371Y 突变可能在发病机制中起关键作用。诊断需综合病史、体格检查以及排粪造影、超声内镜、肠镜检查与组织病理活检等多种辅助检查手段。治疗上目前尚无统一指南,主要包括改善饮食和排便习惯、生物反馈治疗、药物治疗、内镜下治疗和外科手术治疗等,但总体治疗难度较大且复发率较高。本文对儿童 SRUS 的流行病学、发病机制、临床表现、诊断和治疗等方面的研究进展进行综述,旨在提高临床医师对该病的诊疗水平,为未来进一步的研究提供参考依据。
Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome(SRUS)in children is a chronic and benign disease of the rectum characterized by ulcers. The clinical incidence of SRUS in children is not high, but it is prone to misdiagnose and miss diagnosis,which can delay the optimal treatment opportunity. This article reviews the research progress on the epidemiology,pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of SRUS in children, aiming to improve the diagnostic and therapeutic level of clinicians.
戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)是导致急性肝炎的重要病原体,部分HEV感染者可进展为肝衰竭,此外,慢性感染和肝外表现可也在HEV感染者中发生。全球每年感染HEV的患者数达2000万,其中330万例患者有肝炎相关的临床症状,年死亡例数约为4.4万(2015年数据)。在我国,HEV以散发流行为主。近年来由于对其研究的重视,HEV病原学、流行病学、临床诊疗和预防取得较大的进展,文章拟对目前HEV防治热点以及新进展进行总结和分析。
Hepatitis E virus(HEV)is an important pathogen that causes acute hepatitis.Some HEV-infected individualsmay progress to liver failure.In addition,chronic infection(including liver fibrosis and cirrhosis)and extrahepatic manifestations can also occur in HEV infection.Worldwide,there are 20 million cases of HEV infection each year,with 3.3 million cases presenting clinical symptoms related to hepatitis,and an annual death toll of approximately 44,000(data from 2015).In China,HEV mainly present as sporadic outbreaks.In recent years,there has been significant progress in the pathogenesis,epidemiology,clinical diagnosis and treatment,and prevention of HEV.This review aims to summarize and analyze the current hotspots and new developments in the prevention and treatment of HEV.
作为中医药文化瑰宝,针灸在疾病治疗中展现出独特价值,但其标准化操作、疗效量化评价及安全风险控制仍是制约现代化转型的关键问题。随着人工智能技术的突破性发展,机器学习在医疗领域引发的技术革命为针灸创新提供了新机遇。超声医学凭借可视化、定量化及动态监测优势,与机器学习算法形成技术协同,推动传统针灸向精准化、智能化方向迈进。通过超声成像实时定位穴位层次结构与针体轨迹,结合机器学习对多维数据的深度分析,显著提升了针刺治疗的精准性与安全性,同时为建立客观疗效评价体系提供了技术支撑。文章旨在全面回顾超声引导下机器学习技术在针灸研究领域的应用状况,深入剖析现有研究中存在的挑战与局限,并前瞻性地探讨未来的研究方向与趋势,旨在为针灸实践与应用研究的深化与发展提供理论指导与实践启示。
As an invaluable component of traditional Chinese medicine,acupuncture boasts a distinctive value in thetreatment of diseases.However,the standardization of its practice,the quantitative assessment of its therapeutic efficacy,and the implementation of safety risk control measures remain pivotal challenges hindering its modernization and transformation.The advent of artificial intelligence technology has precipitated a technological revolution in the medical field,thereby generating novel opportunities for innovation in acupuncture.The integration of ultrasound medicine and machine learning algorithms,leveraging their respective strengths in visualization,quantification and dynamic monitoring,has emerged as a technological synergy.This synergy is poised to propel traditional acupuncture towards precision and intelligence.The integration of ultrasound imaging with machine learning algorithms enables real-time localization of acupoints and needle trajectory,enhancing the precision and safety of acupuncture treatment.Additionally,it facilitates the development of objective efficacy evaluation systems.The present article aims to comprehensively review the application of ultrasound-guided machine learning technology in the field of acupuncture and moxibustion research.It does so by first analyzing the challenges and limitations of existing research and then prospectively exploring future research directions and trends.The article’s ultimate aim is to provide theoretical guidance and practical inspiration for the deepening and development of acupuncture and moxibustion practice.
人工智能(AI)这一新兴技术的出现和应用给炎症性肠病(IBD)的诊断带来了巨大的变革。越来越多的研究着手于开发基于机器学习(ML)和深度学习(DL)的诊断模型,并获得了良好的诊断性能,尤其是在IBD的图像诊断,卷积神经网络(CNN)等模型由于其出色的图像分析能力,在内镜检查和组织病理检查等方面具有十分可观的发展前景。近年来AI诊断模型的应用越发广泛,但与此同时,关于算法、数据库及其应用方面仍存在一些难以忽视的局限性。本文将主要就图像识别方面对AI在IBD诊断中的应用进行综述,以期为IBD精准图像诊断领域下步研究提供参考。
As an emerging technology,artificial intelligence(AI)has brought great changes to the precise diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).More and more researches have developed diagnostic models which are based on machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL)and obtained satisfactory diagnostic performance.Especially in the image diagnosis of IBD,convolutional neural network(CNN)and other models have considerable development prospects in endoscopy and histopathology due to their excellent image analysis capabilities.In recent years,the application of AI diagnostic models has become more and more widespread,but at the same time,there are still some limitations about algorithms,databases and their applications that cannot be ignored.This review mainly focused on the application of AI in IBD diagnosis from the aspect of image recognition,to provide a reference for IBD diagnosis towards precision medicine.
目的 探讨CT增强延迟扫描技术在非小细胞肺癌术前诊断中的应用价值。方法 对2021年5月—2024年5月商丘市第一人民医院收治的82例非小细胞肺癌手术治疗患者进行回顾性分析,将其分为观察组,另选取82例肺部良性肿瘤患者作为对照组,收集其术前CT增强延迟扫描结果,以术后病理诊断结果为金标准,分析CT增强延迟扫描技术在非小细胞肺癌术前诊断中的应用价值。并对比不同临床病理特征非小细胞肺癌患者CT增强延迟扫描的CT增强值,采用Spearman相关性分析法分析CT增强值与非小细胞肺癌病理特征的关系。结果 CT增强延迟扫描显示观察组患者分叶征(12.50% vs 53.57%)、内部空泡征数量(6.25% vs 39.29%)低于对照组(χ 2 =26.560、24.680,P<0.05),观察组患者边缘毛刺(56.25% vs 17.86%)、胸部凹陷征(59.38% vs 14.29%)、高于对照组(χ 2 =43.330、64.600,P<0.05);82例非小细胞肺癌通过CT增强延迟扫描共确诊79例,CT增强延迟扫描诊断对非小细胞肺癌的准确率为96.34%(79/82),与病理诊断结果100.00%对比差异无统计学意义(χ 2 =3.060,P=0.080);82例非小细胞肺癌平均CT增强值为(39.14±7.31),不同性别、年龄、肿瘤最大直径、淋巴结浸润情况患者CT增强值对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),不同病理类型[腺癌(43.75±7.15)vs 鳞癌(34.74±6.12)]、细胞分化程度[中、低分化(45.71±7.21)vs 高分化(32.81±5.11)]、临床分期[Ⅰ期(31.03±2.12)vs Ⅱ期(36.61±3.13)vs Ⅲa期(46.32±6.83)]患者、淋巴结转移[是(42.75±4.21)vs 否(35.77±8.13)]CT增强值对比差异有统计学意义(t/F=5.243、8.804、84.828、4.378,P<0.05);Spearman相关分析结果显示:病理类型、细胞分化程度、临床分期、淋巴结转移与非小细胞肺癌患者CT增强值呈正相关(r=0.431,P=0.021;r=0.511,P=0.009;r=0.586,P=0.005;r=0.579,P=0.008,P<0.05)。结论 CT增强延迟扫描技术对非小细胞肺癌术前确诊具有重要价值,其诊断准确率与病理诊断并无显著差异,且可通过CT增强延迟扫描技术确定患者CT增强值,从而为非小细胞肺癌患者术后病理特征判断提供参考。
Objective To explore the application value of CT enhanced delayed scanning in preoperative diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 82 patients with NSCLCwho underwent surgical treatment in a hospital from May 2021 to May 2024.They were included into an observation group and another 82 patients with benign lung tumors were included in the control group.The preoperative CT enhanced delayed scanning results were collected,and the postoperative pathological diagnosis was used as the “gold standard” to analyze the application value of CT enhanced delayed scanning in the preoperative diagnosis of NSCLC.And the CT enhancement values of delayed CT scans in NSCLC patients with different clinical and pathological features were compared,and Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between CT enhancement values and pathological features of NSCLC.Results CT enhanced delayed scanning showed that the number of lobular(12.50% vs 53.57%)and internal vacuolar signs(6.25% vs39.29%)in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group(χ 2 =26.560,24.680,P<0.05),while the edge spicules(56.25% vs 17.86%)and chest depression signs(59.38% vs 14.29%)in the observation group were significantly higher than that in the control group(χ 2 =43.330,64.600,P<0.05).A total of 79 cases of 82 NSCLC were diagnosed by CT-enhanced delayed scan,and the accuracy of CT-enhanced delayed scan diagnosis for NSCLC was 96.34%(79/82),with no significant difference from the pathological diagnosis result of 100.00%(χ 2 =3.060,P=0.080).The average CT enhancement value of 82 NSCLC cases was(39.14±7.31).There was no significant difference in CT enhancement values among patients of different genders,ages,maximum tumor diameter,and lymph node infiltration(P>0.05).Patients with different pathological types [adenocarcinoma(43.75±7.15)vs squamous cell carcinoma(34.74±6.12)],degree of cell differentiation [moderate,and low differentiation(45.7±7.21)vs high differentiation(32.81±5.11)],clinical stage [I(31.03±2.12)vs II(36.61±3.13)vs IIIa(46.32±6.83)] and lymph node metastasis [yes(42.75±4.21),vs no(35.77±8.13)] CT enhancement had significant difference(t/F=5.243,8.804,84.828,4.378,P<0.05).The Spearman correlation analysis results showed that pathological type,degree of cell differentiation,clinical stage,lymph node metastasis were positively correlated with CT enhancement values in NSCLC patients(r=0.431,P=0.021;r=0.511,P=0.009;r=0.586,P=0.005;r=0.579,P=0.008).Conclusions CT enhanced delayed scanning has important value in preoperative diagnosis of NSCLC.Its diagnostic accuracy is not significantly different from pathological diagnosis,and the CT enhanced value of patients can be determined through CT enhanced delayed scanning,providing reference for postoperative pathological feature judgment of NSCLC patients.
目的 探析子宫输卵管超声造影(D-HyCoSy)配合宫腔水造影对不孕症患者宫腔粘连(IUA)诊断灵敏度、特异度情况。方法 选取2021年1月—2023年2月南华大学附属长沙中心医院的110例不孕症者为研究对象,均予以宫腔水造影、D-HyCoSy,以宫腔镜病理结果为金标准,分析不同诊断方法应用的效果。结果 在110例不孕症患者中,经宫腔镜病理检查发现,宫腔粘连患者占比47.27%(52/110)。D-HyCoSy的诊断准确率为76.36%、宫腔水造影的为79.09%,均低于联合诊断的93.63%(P<0.05)。D-HyCoSy的诊断灵敏度为73.08%,宫腔水造影的为80.77%,均低于联合诊断的94.23%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。D-HyCoSy的诊断特异度为79.31%,宫腔水造影的为77.59%,与联合诊断的93.10%相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 对于不孕症患者,予以宫腔水造影联合D-HyCoSy诊断,其诊断效能高于单一诊断检查率,能更准确地判定宫腔粘连,效能高。
胰源性门静脉高压(PSPH)是由脾静脉(SV)流通受阻引起的一种临床综合征,在临床较为罕见且对患者造成生命威胁,但却为门静脉高压唯一可治愈的类型。其主要发病诱因是胰腺原发疾病,通常为胰腺急(慢)性炎症、胰腺占位性病变和胰腺手术操作导致。1型孤立性食管胃底静脉曲张、脾大、脾功能亢进是PSPH的主要临床表现特征,其中食管胃底曲张静脉破裂出血是PSPH最为严重的并发症;患者若表现为肝功能正常但出现原因不明脾肿大并伴有消化道出血症状,应考虑可能出现了PSPH。PSPH的治疗可分为胰腺原发病、门静脉高压及并发症的综合性诊治。本文旨在回顾PSPH的相关文献,对其有关临床诊断与治疗现状进行综述,以期指导医务工作者在临床中尽早发现PSPH并对患者及时有效治疗。
Pancreatic segmental portal hypertension(PSPH)is a clinical syndrome caused by spleen vein(SV)occlusion or stenosis.It is a rare and life-threatening hemorrhagic disease of the upper digestive tract,but it is the only curable type of portal hypertension.The main cause is primary pancreatic disease,which is usually due to acute or chronic pancreatic inflammation,pancreatic space-occupying lesions and pancreatic surgery.Type 1 isolated esophagogastric varices,splenomegaly and hypersplenism are the main clinical features of PSPH,and esophagogastric variceal bleeding is the most serious complication of PSPH.PSPH should be considered in patients with normal liver function but unexplained splenomegaly accompanied by gastrointestinal bleeding.The treatment of PSPH can be divided into a comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of primary pancreatic disease,portal hypertension and complications.Therefore,the purpose of this paper is to review relevant literature of PSPH,the relevant clinical diagnosis and treatment status quo were summerized,in order to guide the medical workers in clinical PSPH,early detection and timely and effective treatment for patients.