蒜氨酸为大蒜氨基酸成分,对机体无毒副作用,在体内代谢酶作用下分解成大蒜素,具有多种药理作用和广阔的临床应用前景。本文就蒜氨酸的分离提取、制剂及生物活性研究现状进行综述,以供参考。

Alliin is an amino acid component of garlic, no toxic side effects to the body. It breaks down into allicin by metabolic enzymes in the body, has a variety of pharmacological effects and broad clinical application prospects. In this paper, the isolation, extraction, preparation and biological activity of alliin were reviewed for reference.

缺牙区水平骨量不足一直是口腔种植的重要难题。骨劈开术是常用于解决此难题的手术方式之一,目前临床常用术式是采用超声骨刀沿牙槽嵴顶矢状劈开后,用骨凿将唇(颊)侧骨板向唇(颊)侧移位后增加牙槽骨水平宽度,达到同期种植的目的。骨劈开并同期植入种植体降低了困难病例的手术难度和风险,减少了患者就诊次数,降低患者成本。但若劈开后种植体周围的间隙大于1 mm或唇侧骨板分离,则需要同期进行植骨。但骨劈开术的使用也具有一定的适应症,要求缺牙区垂直骨高度足够,水平骨宽度不足(3～5 mm),骨质为Ⅲ ～ Ⅳ类骨,患者无种植手术的局部和全身禁忌证。近年来的研究表明骨劈开术具有创伤小、手术安全有效、不用开辟第二创口即可获得较好的骨增量效果等优点,一定程度上扩大了种植手术适应证。现本文对骨劈开术的翻瓣术式、非翻瓣术式及术后效果的进展进行综述。

The insufficient horizontal bone mass in the missing tooth area has always been an important problem of dental implant. Bone splitting is one of the surgical methods commonly used to solve this problem. At present, the commonly used surgical method is to use ultrasonic bone knife to sagittal splitting along the crest of the alveolar ridge, and then use bone chisel to shift the lateral bone plate of the lip (buccal) to the lip (buccal) to increase the horizontal width of the alveolar bone, so as to achieve the purpose of simultaneous implantation. Bone splitting and implantation of implants in the same period reduced the surgical difficulty and risk of difficult cases, reduced the number of patient visits, and reduced the cost of patients. However, if the gap around the implant was more than 1 mm or the labial bone plate was separated after splitting, bone grafting should be performed simultaneously. But the use of bone splitting technique also has a certain indications, demanding sufficient vertical bone height in the missing area, inadequate width of horizontal bone (3 mm to 5 mm), Ⅲ~Ⅳ class bone, without local and systemic contraindicated of planting surgery. In recent years, the research shows that bone splitting surgery has the advantages of small trauma, safe and effective operation, and better bone increment effect obtained without opening the second wound. This article reviewed the progress of flap operation, flapless operation and postoperative effect of bone splitting.

目的 通过多种生物信息学方法分析MAML1在GC患者中的表达及与临床特征、预后和免疫治疗疗效的相关性。方法 利用TCGA数据库分析胃癌组织与正常胃黏膜组织中的MAML1表达水平;Kaplan-Meier在线工具对胃癌数据集GSE15459进行分析,阐明MAML1与患者临床特征及分期、治疗疗效的相关性;STRING软件预测与MAML1表达相关的基因,并用FUNRICH软件评估其富集的分子生物学功能和信号通路;TIMER和GEPIA数据库探索MAML1表达水平与肿瘤浸润免疫细胞及其相应基因标记集之间的关系。结果 MAML1在GC组织中的表达水平高于正常组织(P<0.001),且其表达水平与III期、有淋巴结转移、无远处转移的患者生存期相关(P<0.05),而与I、II和IV期、无淋巴结转移和有远处转移的患者生存期无相关性(P>0.05)。MAML1的相关作用基因主要分布在细胞核、参与转录调控,并且主要富集在雄激素受体、C-MYB转录因子和HIF-2α转录调控等相关的信号通路。MAML1表达水平与B细胞、CD4⁺ T细胞、巨噬细胞的表达水平存在正相关关系(P<0.05),但与肿瘤纯度、CD8⁺ T细胞、中性粒细胞、树突状细胞无相关性(P>0.05)。结论 MAML1有可能成为GC患者较差的临床预后标志物之一,其潜在分子机制可能与转录调控调节肿瘤微环境有关。

Objective To investigate the expression of MAML1 and its relationship with clinical characteristics, prognosis and the efficiency of immunotherapy in patients with GC. Methods MAML1 expression profile was observed by TCGA database. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was applied to evaluate the correlation between the expression of MAML1 and clinical characteristics, prognosis and treatment efficiency of patients in GSE15459 dataset. MAML1-associated genes were predicted by STRING and were enriched in GO and KEGG by FUNRICH software. The relationship between MAML1 expression and markers of tumor infiltrated cells were explored by TIMER and GEPIA database. Results MAML1 was abnormally upregulated in GC tissues compared to normal gastric tissues (P<0.001). MAML1 expression was significantly associated with the overall survival of patients in stage III, with lymph node metastasis and without distant metastasis (P<0.001). There was no significant difference between MAML1 expression and the overall survival of patients in stage I, II, IV, without lymph node metastasis and with distant metastasis (P>0.05). MAML1-assoicated genes were mainly located at the nucleus, mediating transcriptional regulation and mainly enriching in androgen receptor, C-MYB transcription factor and HIF-2α transcription regulation and other related signaling pathways. MAML1 expression was positively related with the expression of B cell, CD4⁺ T cell and macrophages (P<0.05), but without significant difference with tumor purity, CD8⁺ T cell, neutrophils and dendritic cells (P>0.05). Conclusions MAML1 could be used as a marker of clinical prognosis of patients with GC. The potential molecular mechanism might be associated with its function in transcriptional regulation and changes in tumor microenvironment.

近年来,由于抗生素的不合理使用,导致新型耐药性细菌不断出现,严重危害人类健康,迫使我们急需发现新型抗菌药物来对抗耐药性细菌引起的感染。FtsZ蛋白是细菌分裂的必需蛋白,在细菌分裂增殖过程中起着关键作用。当FtsZ的功能受到抑制时,细菌的分裂增殖亦会被抑制,最终导致细菌死亡。FtsZ蛋白是目前热门的抗菌新靶点之一。本文回顾了FtsZ蛋白的生物学功能,总结了以FtsZ为靶标的新型抗菌分子的研究进展。

Antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection has become epidemic all over the world. To overcome the drug resistance problem, antibacterial agents targeting at new binding sites become critical. FtsZ, a bacterial cell division protein, has become a new attractive target for antibacterial agents’ discovery because it is the most important and conserved protein in bacterial cell division. Cell division will be inhibited when the functions of FtsZ were disturbed. In this article, the biological functions of FtsZ have been reviewed, and recent advances in discovery of FtsZ inhibitors were summarized.

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)是世界范围内慢性肝病的一个主要原因,约15%的NAFLD患者会发展为非酒精性脂肪性肝炎、肝纤维化、肝硬化甚至肝癌。目前其发病及进展机制尚未明确,也无有效治疗手段。因此,构建临床前NAFLD动物模型至关重要,有助于为NAFLD提供临床治疗的新方案。本文将系统分析目前已构建的NAFLD动物模型在临床前研究中的局限性,并重点总结和综述基于基因编辑在NAFLD动物模型构建中的应用及研究进展,这对于探讨NAFLD发病机制及新药研发具有重要的临床意义。

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, and about 15% of NAFLD patients will develop into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the biological mechanism of the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD is not fully understood, and there are still no effective or targeted therapies for NAFLD. Therefore, it is an urgent need to construct pre-clinical animal models of NAFLD, which will help to better understand and explore the potential therapeutic strategy in the treatment of NAFLD. Here, we summarize the recent advances and limitations of the established animal models of NAFLD and focus on the potential application and research progress of genome editing for constructing the animal models of NAFLD. There animal models will be very useful to reveal the pathologic mechanism of human NAFLD, and to screen new therapeutic drugs.

分泌性中耳炎（SOM）的临床特征表现为听力下降和中耳积液,与中耳化脓性炎症常伴随耳部急性感染不同,SOM常伴随耳部闷胀、轻微耳痛等,致使听力出现障碍。SOM发病机制较为复杂,可能与感染、免疫、咽鼓管功能障碍等多种因素相关,治疗方法也因此呈现出多样化的特点。本文就SOM的病因病机及其治疗方式展开综述,以期为临床及早诊断和治疗SOM提供理论依据。

The clinical characteristics of secretory otitis media（SOM）are hearing loss and effusion in the middle ear．Different from acute ear infection of suppurative inflammation in the middle ear,SOM is often accompanied by ear tightness and mild earache,resulting in hearing impairment．The pathogenesis of SOM is complex,which may be related to infection,immunity,eustachian tube dysfunction and other factors．Therefore,the treatment methods are diversified．This paper reviews the etiology,pathogenesis and treatment of SOM,in order to provide theoretical basis for clinical early diagnosis and treatment of SOM.

新生儿引起肝内胆汁淤积是由感染、遗传代谢性疾病、胃肠外营养、基因突变等各种不同病因导致胆汁形成、分泌和排泄障碍。胆汁在体内淤积会影响新生儿的生长发育,严重者出现肝纤维化、肝功能衰竭等不可逆的改变,其发病的机制涉及参与肝脏胆汁酸分泌的各种转运体、肝细胞膜转运蛋白转录和和转录后的调控等。本文归纳总结近年来国内外关于胆汁酸转运体及其转录和转录后的调控,从而为此疾病的防治提供理论依据,为将来降低其发生率和改善预后。

Neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis is caused by infection,genetic metabolic diseases,parenteral nutrition,gene mutation and other different causes leading to bile formation,secretion and excretion disorders．Bile stasis in the body will affect the growth and development of the newborn,and in severe cases,irreversible changes such as liver fibrosis and liver failure will occur．The pathogenesis of bile stasis involves various transporters involved in the secretion of bile acids in the liver,transcription and post transcription regulation of liver cell membrane transporters．In this paper,we summarized the recent studies on bile acid transporters and their transcriptional and post transcriptional regulation at home and abroad,so as to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of this disease,and to reduce its incidence and improve its prognosis in the future.

现代人面临更大的工作与生活压力,每天的生活节奏较快,因此经常出现饮食不规律、饮食结构不合理等现象,这样就增加了肠胃疾病的发生率。胃肠道间质瘤（GIST）以人体胃肠道最为常见的肿瘤疾病,该病患者占全部胃肠道间叶性肿瘤患者人数的80%以上。GIST根据疾病进展、间质瘤体积等不同因素又能够分为不同的疾病类型,需采取对应的诊断措施与治疗措施。本文将针对胃小间质瘤的流行病学、临床症状、临床诊断以及治疗措施等进行研究与分析,以供参考。

Modern people are facing greater pressure in work and life,and the pace of daily life is fast．Therefore,irregular diet and unreasonable diet structure often occur,which increases the incidence of gastrointestinal diseases．Gastrointestinal stromal tumor（GIST）is the most common tumor disease in human gastrointestinal tract,accounting for over 80% of all patients with gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors．GIST can be divided into different types according to different factors such as disease progression and stromal tumor volume,thus corresponding diagnostic and therapeutic measures should be taken．This paper studied and analyzed the epidemiology,clinical symptoms,clinical diagnosis and treatment of gastric small stromal tumors for reference．

先天性巨结肠是遗传背景复杂的先天性肠神经系统发育异常性疾病,也是小儿外科临床工作中的常见疾病,以消化道末端肠神经节缺如为典型病理特点,肠梗阻、肠穿孔、严重的巨结肠相关性小肠结肠炎是疾病的主要并发症,尤其在低龄婴幼儿起病的病例中,仍是围术期死亡的主要原因。近些年来,越来越多的学者在解析其发病机制、遗传特征、治疗手段等方面不断探索创新,但在低龄婴幼儿,尤其是新生儿期寻找创伤小、特异性高、普适性强的早诊方法仍面临巨大挑战,早发现、早干预可以有效改善患儿的生活质量及疾病预后。本文对先天性巨结肠相关的早期诊断方法进行了系统综述,以期在传统经典的诊断方法上,不断创新求索,综合不同方法的利弊,提高临床应用中的诊断效能,为疾病早期诊断方面的研究提供理论基础。

吞咽障碍是慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）的常见并发症之一,并且是COPD急性加重的危险因素之一,对患者预后造成不良影响。对COPD患者吞咽障碍的发生及严重程度进行准确的评估,是进行科学管理的首要前提。本文对COPD吞咽障碍评估工具的基本特点、应用现状及发展现状进行综述,为临床医务人员选择评估工具提供借鉴。

Dysphagia is one of the common complications of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease（COPD）,and is one of the risk factors of acute exacerbation of COPD,which has adverse effects on the prognosis of patients．Accurate assessment of the occurrence and severity of dysphagia in COPD patients is the first step for scientific management．In this paper,the basic characteristics,application status and development status of assessment tools for COPD patients with dysphagia are reviewed,which can provide reference for the selection of assessment tools for clinical medical staff．