环孢素A(cyclosporin A,环孢素A)是强效的免疫抑制剂,常用于抑制器官移植后的排斥反应,器官移植后新发糖尿病与免疫抑制剂的使用有关。除器官移植,环孢素A还被用于治疗其他自身免疫性疾病,例如1型糖尿病。但环孢素A对胰岛β细胞和其他多种器官有毒副作用,长期使用环孢素A会导致胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能损伤,这也是器官移植后糖尿病(post-transplant dibetes mellitus,PTDM)的主要原因。因此在糖尿病领域环孢素A的使用需要对病情进行具体分析和仔细斟酌。

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a powerful immunosuppressant that is widely used to prevent organ rejection and to treat several autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus. Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is related with immunosuppressant. Moreover, there are many toxicity and side effects of CsA on pancreatic β cell and other organs, Long-term treatment of CsA may cause insulin resistance and β cell dyfunction. That's the main reason for post-transplant dibetes mellitus (PTDM). In diabetes mellitus fields, CsA must be used carefully considered.

国际功能、残疾和健康分类(international classification of functioning, Disability and Health,ICF)是一种可用于描述健康状况和与健康有关的状况的国际分类。本文回顾了2001年至今开发的ICF检查表、特定疾病的ICF核心组合、通用型ICF组合以及ICF功能障碍组合的研究状况,指出ICF在使用过程中的不足与缺陷,认为应完善ICF内容,并在国际范围内促进各类ICF组合在临床、科学研究中的应用。

International classification of functioning, disability and health (referred to as ICF) can be used to describe the health status and health-related conditions. This article reviewed ICF checklist, ICF core sets for specific diseases, generic ICF set and ICF disability set since 2001 and pointed out the deficiencies of ICF. More contents should be added to ICF. The international application of ICF sets in clinical medicine and researches will be expanded.

飞秒激光辅助的SMILE因其微创、准确性、安全性、可预测性、稳定性好的特点越来越受患者和术者的欢迎,随着大家对手术的期望值增加,视觉质量成为反应手术效果极其重要的因素之一,而高阶像差又是评定视觉质量尤为重要的指标。本文对飞秒激光SMILE的眼高阶像差及其影响因素进行综述。

Femtosecond laser-assisted SMILE is more and more popular with patients and the operators because of the minimal invasion, efficacy, safety, predictability and stability. But with the increase of people's expectations of the surgery, visual quality become one of the important factors which reacts operation effect extremely, and higher-order aberration is an especially important index when evaluate the visual quality. In this paper, the higher-order aberration and its influence factors of femtosecond laser-assisted SMILE were summarized.

目的 探讨影响本区肺结核发病的危险因素,为肺结核的防控提供参考依据。方法 采用频数匹配病例对照的研究方法,选自2012—2015年间,在本区居住的肺结核患者为病例组,按1∶1病例对照,在本区选择与病例组同性别、年龄相差<2 a的健康居民为对照组,用单因素Logistic分析及对多因素非条件Logistic 回归分析进行统计学分析。结果 肺结核发病的保护因素有文化程度的高低(OR=0.237,P<0.037),居住环境采光(OR=0.393,P<0.013),蔬菜水果类摄入(OR=0.748,P<0.021),蛋奶类摄入(OR=0.704,P<0.027)。肺结核的危险因素有工作环境是否接触粉尘(OR=2.984,P<0.001)是否吸烟(OR=1.537,P<0.020),是否饮酒(OR=1.110,P<0.041),结核病人接触史(OR=11.052,P<0.001),居住环境潮湿(OR=1.117,P<0.001)。最终被选入回归方程的因素为,文化程度、工作环境是否接触粉尘、结核病人接触史、居住环境潮湿、蔬菜水果类摄入,其OR值分别为0.471、8.945、17.652、14.268、0.234。结论 文化程度及蔬菜水果类的摄入为肺结核保护因素,工作环境接触粉尘、接触过结核病人及居住环境潮湿是肺结核的危险因素。

目的 对比观察单孔、单操作孔及三孔胸腔镜治疗早期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的临床疗效。方法 选择125 例早期NSCLC患者,分为单孔组(38例)单操作孔组(42例)和三孔胸腔镜组(45例),观察3组手术结果和并发症发生率。结果 3组患者均顺利完成手术,无中转开胸。单孔组手术时间长于单操作孔及三孔组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0. 05)。对比所有3组手术患者的术中出血量及淋巴结清扫数目、术后总引流量及引流管留置时间、术后并发症发生率,差异无统计学意义(P＞0. 05)。单孔组及单操作孔组术后疼痛程度评分优于三孔组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0. 05)。结论 单孔及操作孔胸腔镜治疗早期NSCLC已可取代三孔胸腔镜技术,其术后恢复快,疗效确切,其中单孔手术对设备及胸腔镜医师操作技术熟练程度等要求更高,故在设备仍未有突破性的进展时,单操作孔胸腔镜手术可作为治疗早期NSCLC的优先选择。

Objective To compare the clinical effects of uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), single utility port VATS and 3-portal VATS lobectomy for patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer. Methods Patients were divided into uniportal VATS lobectomy group(n=38), single utility port VATS lobectomy group(n=42) and 3-portal VATS lobectomy group (n=45). The surgical results and complication rates were observed. Results All patients completed the operation successfully, no one was changed to open operation. Operation time in uniportal VATS lobectomy group were longer than single utility port VATS lobectomy group and 3-portal VATS lobectomy group(P＜0. 05). There were no significant differences in intraoperative blood loss, number of lymph node dissection, the amount and time of postoperative extubation, and the incidence of postoperative complications(P＞0. 05). Post-operative pain score were higher in 3-portal VATS lobectomy group than in uniportal VATS lobectomy group and single utility port VATS lobectomy group (P＜0. 05). Conclusion Uniportal VATS lobectomy and single utility port VATS lobectomy can replace the 3-portal VATS lobectomy in treatment of early NSCLC, because of the faster postoperative recovery and curative effect. Uniportal VATS lobectomy requires special equipment and more operation skills, as there is no breakthrough in the equipment, single utility port VATS lobectomy may still be used as the first choice for treatment of early NSCLC.

目的 探讨手动杠杆式胸外按压心肺复苏(CPR)装置对院内心肺复苏按压质量和复苏疲劳的影响。方法 将12名医学生志愿者分为手动杠杆式胸外按压CPR装置组(LDCPR)(n=6)和徒手标准CPR组(STCPR)(n=6)模拟院内心肺复苏场景进行CPR试验。LDCPR组采用手动杠杆式胸外按压CPR装置对模拟人进行连续6min连续胸外按压,STCPR组徒手对模拟人进行6min连续胸外按压。监测复苏期间按压的深度、频率以及按压者的心率和疲劳程度等变化。结果 随着连续胸外按压的进行,按压者的心率和疲劳程度都在不断增加,有效按压深度超过5 cm次数逐渐减少,但是在连续胸外按压的第4～6min,LDCPR组按压者的心率较STCPR组慢(P<0.05),疲劳程度较轻(P<0.05),有效按压的比例更高(P<0.05)。按压频率两组比较无明显差异。结论 在本模拟人试验中,手动杠杆式胸外按压CPR装置可减轻按压者疲劳,有助于提高院内CPR时长时间胸外按压的质量。

Objective We aimed to investigate simulated in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) quality and rescuer fatigue of external chest compression-only CPR by a manual leverage device(LDCPR). Methods All 12 volunteers (medical staffs: male 6 and female 6) were randomized to standard CPR by hand(STCPR)group (n=6)or LDCPR group(n=6). At STCPR group, continuous external chest compression-only was performed for 6 minutes to simulate in hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation on a manikin; at LDCPR group, compression-only was performed for 6 minutes by a leverage device on a manikin. We measured blood pressure of the volunteers before and after performing each CPR technique, volunteers self-report fatigue scale and continuously monitored heart rate (HR) of the volunteers during each CPR technique by smart ring. CPR quality measures included chest compression rate and depth. Results During continuous external chest compression-only CPR, compressor's heart rate and fatigue scale were rising continuously, and percent of compress depth >5 cm were declining, too.Compressor's heart rate and fatigue scale were higher in the STCPR group than in the LDCPR group (P<0.05) during the fourth to sixth minutes CPR (P<0.05). Percent of compress depth > 5 cm was higher in the LDCPR group than in the STCPR group (P<0.05) during the fourth to sixth minutes of CPR (P<0.05).Compress rate had not differed between the 2 groups during CPR. Conclusion In the manikin study, manual leverage external chest compress device may reduce fatigue scale and improve long term compression quality during in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

目的 探讨快速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery, ERAS)理念在膀胱癌根治加回肠膀胱术后护理的有效性和安全性。方法 分析我院2012年1月—2016年12月行膀胱癌根治加回肠膀胱术的患者共98例,其中ERAS组47例,传统组51例。比较两组术后伤口感染率、出血率、吻合口瘘率、肺部感染率及术后住院日等指标。结果 两组患者的伤口感染率、出血率、吻合口瘘率无差异,ERAS组的肺部感染率4.26%低于传统组21.57%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。ERAS组的术后住院日短于对照组[(8.53±1.82)vs (13.21±2.16)],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。ERAS组的30天内再入院率6.38%低于传统组19.61%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。两组的非计划再次手术率无统计学差异。结论 快速康复外科理念应用在膀胱癌根治加回肠膀胱术后护理是有效和安全的,ERAS能减少术后并发症及缩短术后住院日。

目的 探讨八段锦联合呼吸训练对社区慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的疗效研究。方法 选取本社区2016年6月—2017年4月期间收治的重度及极重度稳定期COPD患者70例。随机分为A组(25例)、B组(23例)和C组(22例)。A组患者采用八段锦联合呼吸训练治疗,B组患者仅采用呼吸锻炼,C组患者不采用锻炼方式。记录对比三组患者治疗前后的肺功能、六分钟步行距离和圣乔治呼吸评分。结果 A组和B组患者肺功能均比治疗前及比C组改善(P＜0.05),且A组改善更明显(P＜0.05);A组和B组步行距离均比治疗前及C组增加(P＜0.05),且A组比B组增加程度更大(P＜0.05);A组和B组圣乔治呼吸评分均比治疗前及C组降低(P＜0.05),且A组比B组降低更多(P＜0.05)。结论 对COPD患者,八段锦联合呼吸训练可改善患者肺功能和运动能力,缓解呼吸困难,对患者活动及生活各方面的影响。具有较好的临床效果,值得临床推广应用。

Objective To study the effect of Baduanjin exercise combined with breathing training on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in community. Methods We selected 70 patients with severe and extremely severe COPD at stable period in the community from June 2016 to April 2017. The patients were randomly divided into group A (25 cases), group B (23 cases) and group C (22 cases). Patients in group A were treated with Baduanjin exercise combined breathing training, while group B patients only used breathing exercise, and group C patients did not have exercise. We recorded and compared the lung function, six-minute walking distance and St Georges breathing score before and after treatment in the three groups. Results The pulmonary function of patients in group A and group B had been improved more than that before the treatment and of group C (P<0.05), and group A had been improved (P<0.05); the walking distance in group A and group B increased more than that before the treatment and of group C (P<0.05), and group A increased a greater degree than that of group B (P<0.05); The St Georges breathing score in group A and group B decreased than before the treatment and of group C (P<0.05); and group A decreased more than that of group B (P<0.05). Conclusion The Baduanjin exercise combined with breathing training may improve the pulmonary function and athletic ability of the patients with COPD, relieve dyspnea, reduce the influence of the illness on the activities activities of daily living of the patients. It has good clinical effect and is worthy of clinical application.

目的 调查新疆疏附县基层医务人员对男童外生殖器畸形的认知及筛查能力,为制定新疆少数民族地区医务人员培训计划提供数据支持。方法 采用自行设计的问卷调查表,对新疆疏附县人民医院、乡卫生院及村医进行问卷调查,确定其对男童外生殖器畸形的认知程度。采用SPSS 13.0进行数据分析,比较维、汉两族医务人员的认知差异。结果 发放调查问卷400份,收回有效问卷365份,占91.25%。调查发现,新疆疏附县基层医务人员对外生殖器畸形相关知识认知正确率超50%的占参与问卷调查的54.79%。其中男性21.92%,女性32.87%。汉族医务人员对外生殖器畸形相关知识认知正确率超50%的占参与问卷调查的汉族医务人员50%,维族约57.40%,统计分析显示差异无统计学意义(P＜0.05);有关外生殖器畸形相关知识获取途径中,未参加相关知识培训占61.64%,参加过培训者38.36%;在临床实践中主动筛查新生儿外生殖器畸形者86.30%,发现外生殖器畸形病例者27.39%。结论 新疆疏附县基层医务人员普遍缺乏男童外生殖器畸形相关诊疗知识,在实际工作中发现并恰当处置此类疾病的能力亦相对欠缺。因此提高新疆少数民族地区基层医务人员对男童外生殖器畸形的诊断和治疗能力非常必要。

Objective To survey on the recognition and diagnosis capability of frontline healthcare workers in boy's genital malformation in Shufu, Xinjiang. Thereby to provide data support for the healthcare workers training there. Methods We designed a questionnaire and carried out a survey in Shufu people's hospital, township clinics and village doctors. Based on SPSS 13.0 data analysis, we made comparison on recognition difference between the Han and Uygur healthcare workers. Results 400 questionnaires were handed out, among them 365 were valid which accounted for 91.25%. The survey showed that there were 54.79% survey participators whose recognition correct rate was over 50% in Shufu, Xinjiang (21.92% for man, 32.87% for woman), 50% Han healthcare workers whose recognition correct rate was over 50% and that of 57.4% in Uygur peers.There was no significant difference in statistics(P<0.05). It accounted for 38.36% that participating in training as the access to relevant knowledge of genital malformation,but 61.64% was not. In clinical practice, 86.3% of survey participators screen the possibility of newborn genital malformation. And 27.39% of screened newborn have genital malformation. Conclusion The frontline healthcare workers in Shufu, Xinjiang at large are short of diagnosis knowledge on boy's genital malformation, as a result that they are difficult to recognize and give proper treatment on such cases in practice. The status thereby shows that it is critical to improve the diagnosis and treatment capability of frontline healthcare workers in boy's genital malformation in Xinjiang ethnic group area.

目的 探讨逍遥散治疗首发抑郁症的疗效与5-HT2A受体基因多态性的关联。方法 采用病例对照研究方法,以120例首发抑郁症患者(研究组)和120例正常人(对照组)为研究对象,研究组予逍遥散治疗,疗程8周。于治疗前后采用汉密顿抑郁量表评定。采用高温连接酶检测反应法(LDR)检测5-HT2A受体基因,分析其与抗抑郁药物疗效的关系。结果 5-HT2A受体基因(T102C)T／C基因型、C／C基因型频率及等位基因频率与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。不同基因型的疗效无差异(P﹥0.05)。结论 5-HT2A受体基因(T102C)多态性与逍遥散治疗抑郁症的疗效无关联。