脊柱结核是脊柱感染性疾病中最为常见的类型。本文综述了脊柱结核外科治疗的现状及最新进展。在早期治疗阶段,规范化的抗结核药物治疗能够有效缓解疼痛,改善患者生活质量。但对于中后期,特别是椎旁脓肿较大,椎体骨质破坏较大而导致脊柱不稳定的患者,手术治疗往往是必要且必需的辅助手段,手术可以最大限度清除病变的椎间盘、椎体和脓肿,也应该最大限度保留健康的骨质。其主要原则包括病灶彻底清除、脊髓充分减压、脊柱稳定性重建等步骤。在手术治疗中,一期前路手术作为经典入路已经得到广泛应用,而单纯后路手术治疗也逐渐受到重视。近年来,随着微创手术技术的发展,其在脊柱结核治疗中的应用越来越广泛。微创手术的优势在于术中创伤更小、恢复更快,为患者带来了更好的治疗体验和临床效果。然而,对于手术的选择,临床医师需要综合考虑患者的个体差异性、临床表现及特征、影像学资料和手术适应证等多种因素,以确定最合适的治疗方案。只有充分考虑各种治疗手段的优劣,采取个性化、综合性的治疗方案,才能更好地提高患者的生活质量和治疗效果。

Spinal tuberculosis is the most common types of infectious diseases affecting the spine．This article reviews the current status and progress of surgical treatment for spinal tuberculosis．In the early and initial stages,standardized anti-tuberculosis drug therapy can effectively alleviate pain and improve patients' quality of life．However,for more complex cases in the middle and late stages,surgical treatment is needed,including thorough lesion clearance,adequate spinal cord decompression,and reconstruction of spinal stability．In surgical treatment,anterior approach surgery,as a classical method,has been widely applied,and posterior approach surgery alone has gradually gained attention．In recent years,with the development of minimally invasive surgical techniques,their application in the treatment of spinal tuberculosis has become increasingly widespread．The advantages of minimally invasive surgery lie in smaller intraoperative trauma and faster recovery,providing patients with better treatment experience and clinical outcomes．However,for the selection of surgery,clinicians need to consider multiple factors such as individual differences,clinical manifestations and characteristics,imaging data and surgical indications to determine the most suitable treatment plan．Only by fully considering the advantages and disadvantages of various treatment modalities and adopting personalized,comprehensive treatment plans can the quality of life and treatment outcomes of patients be effectively improved．

在过去的几十年中,随着RNA生物学的深入研究,越来越多的证据表明,非编码RNA（ncRNA）对包括癌症在内的多种疾病进展起着关键作用,同时在作为生物标志物和治疗靶点方面表现出了巨大的潜力。在全球范围内,消化道（GI）肿瘤是肿瘤相关死亡的主要原因,目前消化道肿瘤晚期患者的生存率依然很低。既往大量研究报道了ncRNA中,特别是长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）在消化道肿瘤发生发展中发挥重要作用。本文将着重阐述lncRNA在消化道肿瘤分子生物学中的作用,旨在为深入理解lncRNA在消化道肿瘤发生发展机制以及临床转化应用提供新的思路和线索。

In recent decades,an increasing body of evidence has pointed to the pivotal roles of non-coding RNAs（ncRNAs）,particularly long non-coding RNAs（lncRNAs）,in the development of various diseases,including cancer．Meanwhile,ncRNAs have been shown great potential as biomarker and therapeutic target．Gastrointestinal（GI）cancers are a leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally and the survival rate of advanced GI cancer patients is still very low．Extensive research has underscored the significant involvement of lncRNAs in the initiation and progression of GI cancers．This review aims to offer a comprehensive overview of lncRNAs,shedding light on their roles in the molecular biology of GI cancers．By synthesizing previous studies,this review seeks to provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying lncRNAs' contribution to GI cancer development and their potential clinical applications．

慢性萎缩性胃炎是常见的胃癌前病变,不仅治疗过程漫长,治疗难度大,而且患者依从性欠佳。不仅会对患者的生理、心理健康和生活质量造成严重不良的影响,还会给患者家属造成负担,成为临床上不可忽视的难题。但是本病发病机制目前尚未完全明确,临床治疗还未达成共识。文章综述了近10年基于Hedgehog信号通路的中医药干预慢性萎缩性胃炎的研究概况。中医药调控Hedgehog信号通路辨证论治是治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎的一种独具特色的疗法,近年来有关基于Hedgehog信号通路的中医药干预治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎的报道越来越多。文章主要通过遵循疾病本虚标实的病性,以脾胃虚弱为本,瘀血、气滞、湿热、痰浊等为标,探讨选方治疗对慢性萎缩性胃炎的影响,认为中医药联合Hedgehog信号通路实行现代化发展能够有效干预治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎,以期为进一步临床研究与应用提供参考。

Chronic atrophic gastritis,a common precancerous lesion of gastric cancer,requires a long-term treatment and is difficult to cure．Therefore,it usually leads to decreased patient compliance．It will not only have a serious adverse impact on the patient’s physical and mental health and quality of life,but also cause a burden to the patient’s family,which has become a difficult problem that can not be ignored clinically．However,the pathogenesis has not yet been totally clarified,not to mention a consensus on the clinical treatment．This paper reviews the research revolving around Chinese medicine intervention in chronic atrophic gastritis based on the Hedgehog signaling pathway in the last decade．It’s creative therapy of chronic atrophic gastritis that utilizing Traditional Chinese Medicine to regulate and control Hedgehog signaling pathway,which has been increasingly reported in recent years．This paper is based on “deficiency in origin” and “excess in superficiality” principle．Concretely,spleen-stomach vacuity is characterized by deficiency in origin,and excess in superficiality manifests blood stasis,qi stagnation,dampness-heat and phlegm turbidity as excess in superficiality．By this way,the paper explores the effect of prescription selection on chronic atrophic gastritis．It is believed that the modern therapy that combines traditional Chinese medicine with Hedgehog signaling pathway can tackle chronic atrophic gastritis,thus providing a reference for further clinical trials and practices．

乳腺癌是女性最常见的原发恶性肿瘤之一。目前,通过采用综合治疗手段,包括手术、新辅助治疗、辅助放化疗等多种手段,乳腺癌已成为疗效最佳的实体肿瘤之一。其中,新辅助治疗（NAT）包括新辅助化疗、靶向治疗和内分泌治疗,目的是使肿瘤降期、保乳、保腋窝,并可观察药物敏感性,是当前乳腺癌综合治疗中非常重要的组成部分,其治疗疗效对患者手术方式的选择和预后至关重要。尽管病理学评价在评估NAT疗效方面被公认为金标准,但其局限性在于只能通过有创手段在治疗后进行,无法在治疗前对患者做出准确预测。磁共振成像（MRI）作为一项广泛使用的乳腺成像技术,在评估NAT疗效中扮演着关键角色。近年来,人工智能技术,尤其是影像组学（Radiomics）和深度学习（Deep Learning）,在医学影像分析领域取得了显著进展。这些技术能够从医学图像中提取大量肉眼难以识别的特征,揭示病变内部的微观结构和生物学行为,全面反映肿瘤的异质性,这不仅有助于临床医生更准确地区分良、恶性肿瘤,还能对恶性肿瘤的预后进行更为精确的评估。本文系统综述了近年来基于MRI的人工智能技术在乳腺癌新辅助治疗疗效评估中的应用研究,旨在促进人工智能在NAT临床实践中的应用和发展,为乳腺癌NAT治疗策略的优化和个性化医疗的实现提供科学依据。

Breast cancer is one of the most common primary malignant tumors in women．Currently,breast cancer has become one of the most effective solid tumors by using comprehensive treatment methods,including surgery,neoadjuvant therapy,adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy．Among them,neoadjuvant therapy（NAT）,including neoadjuvant chemotherapy,targeted therapy and endocrine therapy,is a very important part of the current comprehensive treatment of breast cancer．It aims to reduce the tumor stage,preserve the breast,preserve the armpit,and observe the drug sensitivity．Its therapeutic effect is crucial to the choice of surgical methods and prognosis of patients．Although pathological evaluation is recognized as the gold standard in evaluating the response to NAT,its limitation is that it can only be performed after treatment by invasive means,and cannot accurately predict response before treatment．As a widely used breast imaging technology,magnetic resonance imaging（MRI）plays a key role in evaluating the response to NAT．However,traditional MRI evaluation methods are limited by the individual differences of interobserver and the low repeatability of evaluation results,which affects the accuracy of efficacy evaluation to a certain extent．In recent years,artificial intelligence technology,especially radiomics and deep learning,has made significant progress in the field of medical image analysis．These techniques can extract a large number of features that are difficult to be recognized by the naked eye from medical images,reveal the internal microstructure and biological behavior of the lesion,and fully reflect the heterogeneity of the tumor．This not only helps clinicians to distinguish benign and malignant tumors more accurately,but also makes a more accurate assessment of the prognosis of malignant tumors．This article reviews the application and progress of MRI-based artificial intelligence technology in evaluating the response to neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer in the past five years,aiming to promote the application and development of artificial intelligence in NAT clinical practice,and provide a scientific basis for the optimization of NAT treatment strategy and the realization of personalized medicine for breast cancer．

蒜氨酸为大蒜氨基酸成分,对机体无毒副作用,在体内代谢酶作用下分解成大蒜素,具有多种药理作用和广阔的临床应用前景。本文就蒜氨酸的分离提取、制剂及生物活性研究现状进行综述,以供参考。

Alliin is an amino acid component of garlic, no toxic side effects to the body. It breaks down into allicin by metabolic enzymes in the body, has a variety of pharmacological effects and broad clinical application prospects. In this paper, the isolation, extraction, preparation and biological activity of alliin were reviewed for reference.

缺牙区水平骨量不足一直是口腔种植的重要难题。骨劈开术是常用于解决此难题的手术方式之一,目前临床常用术式是采用超声骨刀沿牙槽嵴顶矢状劈开后,用骨凿将唇(颊)侧骨板向唇(颊)侧移位后增加牙槽骨水平宽度,达到同期种植的目的。骨劈开并同期植入种植体降低了困难病例的手术难度和风险,减少了患者就诊次数,降低患者成本。但若劈开后种植体周围的间隙大于1 mm或唇侧骨板分离,则需要同期进行植骨。但骨劈开术的使用也具有一定的适应症,要求缺牙区垂直骨高度足够,水平骨宽度不足(3～5 mm),骨质为Ⅲ ～ Ⅳ类骨,患者无种植手术的局部和全身禁忌证。近年来的研究表明骨劈开术具有创伤小、手术安全有效、不用开辟第二创口即可获得较好的骨增量效果等优点,一定程度上扩大了种植手术适应证。现本文对骨劈开术的翻瓣术式、非翻瓣术式及术后效果的进展进行综述。

The insufficient horizontal bone mass in the missing tooth area has always been an important problem of dental implant. Bone splitting is one of the surgical methods commonly used to solve this problem. At present, the commonly used surgical method is to use ultrasonic bone knife to sagittal splitting along the crest of the alveolar ridge, and then use bone chisel to shift the lateral bone plate of the lip (buccal) to the lip (buccal) to increase the horizontal width of the alveolar bone, so as to achieve the purpose of simultaneous implantation. Bone splitting and implantation of implants in the same period reduced the surgical difficulty and risk of difficult cases, reduced the number of patient visits, and reduced the cost of patients. However, if the gap around the implant was more than 1 mm or the labial bone plate was separated after splitting, bone grafting should be performed simultaneously. But the use of bone splitting technique also has a certain indications, demanding sufficient vertical bone height in the missing area, inadequate width of horizontal bone (3 mm to 5 mm), Ⅲ~Ⅳ class bone, without local and systemic contraindicated of planting surgery. In recent years, the research shows that bone splitting surgery has the advantages of small trauma, safe and effective operation, and better bone increment effect obtained without opening the second wound. This article reviewed the progress of flap operation, flapless operation and postoperative effect of bone splitting.

目的 通过多种生物信息学方法分析MAML1在GC患者中的表达及与临床特征、预后和免疫治疗疗效的相关性。方法 利用TCGA数据库分析胃癌组织与正常胃黏膜组织中的MAML1表达水平;Kaplan-Meier在线工具对胃癌数据集GSE15459进行分析,阐明MAML1与患者临床特征及分期、治疗疗效的相关性;STRING软件预测与MAML1表达相关的基因,并用FUNRICH软件评估其富集的分子生物学功能和信号通路;TIMER和GEPIA数据库探索MAML1表达水平与肿瘤浸润免疫细胞及其相应基因标记集之间的关系。结果 MAML1在GC组织中的表达水平高于正常组织(P<0.001),且其表达水平与III期、有淋巴结转移、无远处转移的患者生存期相关(P<0.05),而与I、II和IV期、无淋巴结转移和有远处转移的患者生存期无相关性(P>0.05)。MAML1的相关作用基因主要分布在细胞核、参与转录调控,并且主要富集在雄激素受体、C-MYB转录因子和HIF-2α转录调控等相关的信号通路。MAML1表达水平与B细胞、CD4⁺ T细胞、巨噬细胞的表达水平存在正相关关系(P<0.05),但与肿瘤纯度、CD8⁺ T细胞、中性粒细胞、树突状细胞无相关性(P>0.05)。结论 MAML1有可能成为GC患者较差的临床预后标志物之一,其潜在分子机制可能与转录调控调节肿瘤微环境有关。

Objective To investigate the expression of MAML1 and its relationship with clinical characteristics, prognosis and the efficiency of immunotherapy in patients with GC. Methods MAML1 expression profile was observed by TCGA database. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was applied to evaluate the correlation between the expression of MAML1 and clinical characteristics, prognosis and treatment efficiency of patients in GSE15459 dataset. MAML1-associated genes were predicted by STRING and were enriched in GO and KEGG by FUNRICH software. The relationship between MAML1 expression and markers of tumor infiltrated cells were explored by TIMER and GEPIA database. Results MAML1 was abnormally upregulated in GC tissues compared to normal gastric tissues (P<0.001). MAML1 expression was significantly associated with the overall survival of patients in stage III, with lymph node metastasis and without distant metastasis (P<0.001). There was no significant difference between MAML1 expression and the overall survival of patients in stage I, II, IV, without lymph node metastasis and with distant metastasis (P>0.05). MAML1-assoicated genes were mainly located at the nucleus, mediating transcriptional regulation and mainly enriching in androgen receptor, C-MYB transcription factor and HIF-2α transcription regulation and other related signaling pathways. MAML1 expression was positively related with the expression of B cell, CD4⁺ T cell and macrophages (P<0.05), but without significant difference with tumor purity, CD8⁺ T cell, neutrophils and dendritic cells (P>0.05). Conclusions MAML1 could be used as a marker of clinical prognosis of patients with GC. The potential molecular mechanism might be associated with its function in transcriptional regulation and changes in tumor microenvironment.

近年来,由于抗生素的不合理使用,导致新型耐药性细菌不断出现,严重危害人类健康,迫使我们急需发现新型抗菌药物来对抗耐药性细菌引起的感染。FtsZ蛋白是细菌分裂的必需蛋白,在细菌分裂增殖过程中起着关键作用。当FtsZ的功能受到抑制时,细菌的分裂增殖亦会被抑制,最终导致细菌死亡。FtsZ蛋白是目前热门的抗菌新靶点之一。本文回顾了FtsZ蛋白的生物学功能,总结了以FtsZ为靶标的新型抗菌分子的研究进展。

Antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection has become epidemic all over the world. To overcome the drug resistance problem, antibacterial agents targeting at new binding sites become critical. FtsZ, a bacterial cell division protein, has become a new attractive target for antibacterial agents’ discovery because it is the most important and conserved protein in bacterial cell division. Cell division will be inhibited when the functions of FtsZ were disturbed. In this article, the biological functions of FtsZ have been reviewed, and recent advances in discovery of FtsZ inhibitors were summarized.

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)是世界范围内慢性肝病的一个主要原因,约15%的NAFLD患者会发展为非酒精性脂肪性肝炎、肝纤维化、肝硬化甚至肝癌。目前其发病及进展机制尚未明确,也无有效治疗手段。因此,构建临床前NAFLD动物模型至关重要,有助于为NAFLD提供临床治疗的新方案。本文将系统分析目前已构建的NAFLD动物模型在临床前研究中的局限性,并重点总结和综述基于基因编辑在NAFLD动物模型构建中的应用及研究进展,这对于探讨NAFLD发病机制及新药研发具有重要的临床意义。

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, and about 15% of NAFLD patients will develop into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the biological mechanism of the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD is not fully understood, and there are still no effective or targeted therapies for NAFLD. Therefore, it is an urgent need to construct pre-clinical animal models of NAFLD, which will help to better understand and explore the potential therapeutic strategy in the treatment of NAFLD. Here, we summarize the recent advances and limitations of the established animal models of NAFLD and focus on the potential application and research progress of genome editing for constructing the animal models of NAFLD. There animal models will be very useful to reveal the pathologic mechanism of human NAFLD, and to screen new therapeutic drugs.

分泌性中耳炎（SOM）的临床特征表现为听力下降和中耳积液,与中耳化脓性炎症常伴随耳部急性感染不同,SOM常伴随耳部闷胀、轻微耳痛等,致使听力出现障碍。SOM发病机制较为复杂,可能与感染、免疫、咽鼓管功能障碍等多种因素相关,治疗方法也因此呈现出多样化的特点。本文就SOM的病因病机及其治疗方式展开综述,以期为临床及早诊断和治疗SOM提供理论依据。

The clinical characteristics of secretory otitis media（SOM）are hearing loss and effusion in the middle ear．Different from acute ear infection of suppurative inflammation in the middle ear,SOM is often accompanied by ear tightness and mild earache,resulting in hearing impairment．The pathogenesis of SOM is complex,which may be related to infection,immunity,eustachian tube dysfunction and other factors．Therefore,the treatment methods are diversified．This paper reviews the etiology,pathogenesis and treatment of SOM,in order to provide theoretical basis for clinical early diagnosis and treatment of SOM.