目的 对从淡水养殖鱼类、青蛙样品以及腹泻病人大便样品分离的菌株作临床常用抗生素的耐药性分析,为相关疾病的治疗提供实验依据。方法 获取临床腹泻病人的新鲜大便标本和在水产品市场采集淡水鱼和青蛙样品取肠道内含物分别涂布选择性培养基,选取疑似菌落进行生化鉴定和16S rRNA基因分子鉴定,确证为香港海鸥型菌的菌株采用纸片扩散法测定分离株对几类临床常见抗菌药物的敏感性。结果 本次检测的24株香港海鸥型菌分离株对八种常用的抗生素药物表现不同程度的耐药性。蛙源株对环丙沙星、阿米卡星、头孢他啶的耐药率高于鱼源株。其中分离的11株分离株(45.8%)对3个种类及以上抗生素表现耐药,为多重耐药株。结论 抗生素作为促生长剂和动物疾病防治被广泛加于动物饲料中,可能导致食源性细菌耐药性增加。人们有可能通过摄入含有香港海鸥型多重耐药株污染的食物而获得抗生素耐药性的潜在危险。

目的 研究鸟胞内分枝杆菌复合群(MAC)MAV3104基因编码蛋白与药物外排的关系。方法 以MAC标准株基因组为模板,扩增MAV3104基因,构建pMV261-MAV3104c重组质粒;测序正确后,转化重组质粒到大肠杆菌DH5并在MAC标准株中诱导表达, Western Blot鉴定MAV3104表达;按照CLSIM24-A2的操作要求检测MAC标准株对克拉霉素的敏感性及外排泵抑制试验。结果 经基因测序及Western Blot蛋白表达验证重组质粒构建成功;MAV3104过表达能提高鸟分枝杆菌对克拉霉素的MIC,且硫利达嗪能抑制该作用;MAV3104过表达也能提高胞内分枝杆菌对克拉霉素的MIC,但硫利达嗪对其没有抑制效应。结论 MAV3104转运蛋白介导的药物外排在鸟分枝杆菌耐克拉霉素中起重要作用。

Objective To investigate the association of the protein coded by Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare complex in MAV3104 in drug efflux of Clarithromycin. Methods According to the Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare complex standard strain, the MAV3104 gene was amplified by PCR and cloned into expression vector pMV261 to generate the recombinant plasmids. After verification by sequence analysis, the recombinant plasmids was transformed into E. coli DH5 andMycoba ctenum avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare complex standard strain. To identify the protein expression by western blotting and investigate the sensitivity of clarithromycin and efflux pump inhibition test in the light of CLSIM24-A2 protocol. Results It was verified by sequence analysis and western blotting that the recombinant plasmids were successfully constructed. Over expression of Mycobacterium avium MAV3104 gene could enhance clarithromycin MIC, which could be inhibited by thioridazine. Over expression of Mycobacterium intracellulare MAV3104 gene also could enhance clarithromycin MIC, but it could not inhibited by thioridazine. Conclusion This study demonstrates that efflux pumps mediated by MAV3104 protein play an important role in Mycobacterium avium resistance to clarithromycin.

目的 研究探讨重症监护病房(ICU)病原菌的分布及耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供科学依据。方法 回顾性分析2015年ICU住院患者送检细菌分离培养及药敏试验结果。结果 ICU共送检标本1 326份,分离出病原菌554株,其中革兰阴性病原菌462株(83.4%),革兰阳性病原菌48株(8.7%),真菌44株(7.9%)。革兰阴性杆菌前5位依次为鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、粘质沙雷菌和大肠埃希菌,且多耐药菌株比例较高。革兰阳性病原菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,32株(66.7%),MRSA检出率78.3%(25/32)。结论 加强重症监护病房的细菌及药敏监测,根据病原菌药敏结果指导临床合理使用抗菌药物,控制耐药菌株的产生,预防及控制院内感染及感染暴发。

Objective To investigate the distribution characteristics and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in intensive care unit(ICU) and provide scientific evidence for clinically reasonable use of antibiotics. Methods Specimens from hospitalized intensive care unit patients in 2015 were obtained for routine bacterial isolation and culture. Results A total of 554 bacterial strains were isolated from 1326 specimens, in which Gram-negative bacilli accounted for 462 stains (83.4%),Gram-positive cocci accounted for 48 stains (8.7%),and fungi accounted for 44 stains (7.9%). Gram-negative bacilli of the top five were Acinetobacter baumannii,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli,and the rate of multiple resistant bacteria was relatively high.Staphylococcus aureus were the main Gram-positive cocci, including MRSA accounted for 78.3%(25/32). Conclusion The monitoring of ICU clinical pathogens and their resistance should be strengthened. It is a great significance to use antibiotics rationally according to the results of susceptibility testing, in order to control the occurrence of resistant bacteria , prevent and control hospital infection and infection outbreak.

目的 探讨血糖控制情况对胰岛素抵抗型糖尿病合并肺结核的临床治疗转归的影响。方法 选取我站收治的胰岛素抵抗型糖尿病合并肺结核的患者180例,随机分成对照组和观察组两组,每组各90例,对照组给予常规监测晨起空腹血糖和餐后2 h血糖,观察组给予监测血糖谱(包括三餐前、三餐后2 h、凌晨3点和晨起空腹血糖);观察组与对照组中患者均利用2HRSZ(E)／10HR(E)方案来进行治疗;记录两组患者治疗前后空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、痰菌阴转情况、X线胸片病灶情况和空洞变化情况,对比分析两组的临床治疗效果。结果 观察组的痰菌阴转、X线胸片病灶、空洞变化等均比对照组的效果好,且两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组的总体有效率87.8%(79/90)高于对照组的71.1%(64/90),两组差异有统计学意义(χ²=7.655,P=0.006)。结论 控制血糖能有效提高胰岛素抵抗型糖尿病合并肺结核的临床治疗效果,在临床上值得推广应用。

目的 探讨本中心引起儿童泌尿系统感染的常见病原菌的分布以及耐药情况,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供参考。方法 回顾性分析本医疗中心2012年1月—2013年12月2463例泌尿系统感染患儿中段尿标本培养及药敏检测结果。结果 2463例患儿中段尿标本共培养病原菌479株,阳性率为19.45%。其中革兰阴性杆菌309株(64.51%),革兰阳性球菌138株(28.81%),真菌32株(6.68%,主要为白假丝酵母菌)。分离率前7位的病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌(36.53%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(12.73%)、粪肠球菌(D群)(12.32%)、屎肠球菌(D群)(10.23%)、真菌(6.68%)、铜绿假单胞菌(5.22%)、奇异变形菌(3.13%),革兰氏阴性杆菌以大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主,其中产超广谱β‐内酰胺酶菌株125株,比例高达71.42%;革兰阳性球菌以肠球菌(D群)为主,金黄色葡萄球菌检出率为2.30%,其中耐甲氧西林株占27.27%。结论 大肠埃希菌仍为儿童泌尿系统感染的主要病原菌,且存在多重耐药菌感染情况,革兰氏阳性球菌有增多的趋势;明确病原菌种类及药敏结果,对临床合理应用抗菌药物治疗儿童泌尿系统感染有重要意义。

Objective To research the distribution of common pathogenic bacteria and drug resistance of urinary tract infection in the hospital for providing reference of antimicrobial drugs for clinical reference. Methods Pathogenic bacteria isolated from the germiculture positive specimens of midstream urine and the antimicrobial susceptibility test results from Jan 2012 to Dec 2013 in our hospital were retrospective summarized. Results 479 strains pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 2463 urine samples totally. The positive rate was 17.3％, with 309 strains of gram-negative bacilli (64.51％),138 strains of gram-positive coccus(28.81％),32 strains of fungi(6.68％).The top 7 isolation of pathogens were strains of escherichia coli(36.53％),strains of klebsiella pneumoniae(12.73％),strains of enterococcus faecalis D group(12.32％),strains of enterococcus faecium D group(10.23％),strains of fungi(6.68％),strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa(5.22％),strains of staphylococcus epidermidis(3.13％).125 strains of klebsiella pneumoniae produced ESBL were detected out with the rates of up to 71.42%. The strains of gram-negative bacteria were based on enterococcus faecalis (D group),yet staphylococcus aureus methicillin resistant strains accounted for 27.27%. Conclusion Escherichia coli is the main pathogenic bacteria of child urinary tract infection and the multidrug resistance of the pathogenic bacteria is in a very serious situation. And gram-positive cocci is going to be increasing. It is necessary to make clear pathogens and drug sensitivity results, which is important to guide clinic make use of antibacterial agents exactly to cure infection of urinary system in children.

目的 了解近5年来阴沟肠杆菌在我院的临床分布及耐药性的变迁情况。方法 采用K-B纸片法进行药物敏感性测定,再用双纸片法检测超广普β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)。结果 2010年1月—2014年12月我院共分离阴沟肠杆菌261株,其中2010年分离48株(18.4%)、2011年50株(19.2%)、2012年52株(19.9%)、2013年54株(20.7%)、2014年57株(21.2株%);主要分布于重症监护室(ICU)、呼吸内科、肝胆外科,分别占49.%(130株)、14.9%(39株)、11.9%(31株),标本来源主要为痰液、尿液及伤口分泌物,分别占52%、13.5%、12.8%,ESBLs菌株的检出率为29.9%(78株),产酶株的耐药性高于非产酶株,全部菌株对亚胺培南敏感。结论 阴沟肠杆菌主要引起呼吸道、尿路和各种伤口感染,多发于ICU患者,并且呈逐年增多趋势,产ESBLs在阴沟肠杆菌中广为流行,合理使用抗菌药物(尤其是第三代头孢菌素)是减少产ESBLs株流行的重要措施。

Objective To investigate the clinical distribution and antimicrobial resistance of infections caused by enterobacter cloacae in our hospital. Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The extended-spectrum β-Lactamases (ESLBS) were detected by double disc diffusion test. Results A total of 261 strains of E cloacae were isolated from Jan 2010 to Dec 2014. The percentages of these strains isolated in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 were 18.4%, 19.2%, 19.9%, 20.7%, 21.2% respectively. E cloacae were mainly isolated from intensive care unit (ICU) (49.0%), respiratory medicine (14.9%) and surgery (11.9%) respectively. The percentages of these strains isolated from sputum, urine and wound secretion were 52.0% 13.5% and 12.8% respectively. The percentages of ESBLS producer was 29.9% (78 strains).Their resistance was obviously higher than that of non-ESBLS producer. But all strain were sensitive to imipenem. Conclusion E Cloacae caused infections of respiratory tract, urinary and wound principally in clinic. The most of which occured in ICU. The ESBLS are popular in E cloacae and show the increasing trend year by year. The restricted use of antimicrobial drug is a considerable measure which reduces prevalence of ESBLS producing strains.