目的 探讨小肠出血的诊断策略。方法 回顾性分析我院2010年1月— 2015年6月收治的42例小肠出血病例的诊治经历。结果 42例患者中肿瘤15例(35.7% );血管发育不良和畸形10例(23.8%);炎性肠病9例(21.4%),憩室7例(16.7%),原因不明1例(2.4%)。气钡双重造影阳性率11.8%;B超检查阳性率15%;核素扫描阳性率44.4%;CT检查阳性率46.7%;血管造影阳性率50%,小肠镜检查阳性率58.9%;胶囊内镜阳性率61.5%;术中肠镜检查阳性率88.9%。结论 小肠出血病因多样,检查缺乏特异性;隐性出血者可选择CT或胶囊内镜,结果阳性者进一步可行小肠镜检查或治疗;活动性出血患者选择ECT或DSA,手术探查或术中肠镜是最后选择。

Objective To investigate the diagnosis of small intestinal haemorrhage. Methods The diagnosis and treatment of 42 cases of small intestinal haemorrhage between January 2010 and June 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. Results Among the patients, small bowel tumors were found in 15 cases,angiodysplasia in 10,inflammation disease in 9,diverticulum in 7 and obscure bleeding in 1 each. Positive rate of diagnostic methods was followed:enteroclysis 11.7％,B-ultrasound 15%, ECT 44.5%,CT 46.7％,DSA 50%, device-assisted enteroscopy 58.9％, capsule endoscopy 61.5%,enteroscope examination during operation 88.9%. Conclusion There are various etiological factors and lack of specificity in small intestinal haemorrhage. Capsule endoscopy or CT should be used first if the patient had occult bleeding, positive patients were suggested to taken enteroscopy. ECT and DSA must be applicable for active bleeding or other positive patients. Operation or enteroscope examination during operation could be the last measure.

目的 回顾性分析常规放射检查中儿童胸部复合型骨折漏诊的原因,并且探讨多层螺旋CT后处理技术在儿童胸部复合型骨折中的诊断价值。方法 搜集本院2012年1月—2015年8月间因外伤行胸部照片和CT扫描的外伤患儿共123例,男81例,女42例,年龄9个月～15岁,平均年龄4.3岁。所有病例在完成胸部照片后1~3 d,进行胸部容积CT扫描,并对数据进行三维重建后处理,其结果与常规DR检查结果相比较。结果 在123例患儿中,常规胸部DR片显示明确胸部骨折39例61处,其中胸部单纯性骨折24例,胸部复合型骨折15例。可疑骨折48例;36例未见明确骨折但存在胸部合并症。CT检查显示明确的胸部骨折76例,142处,其中胸部单纯性骨折42例,胸部复合型骨折34例。与胸部DR平片相比,CT显示胸部新增骨折有18处在单纯性骨折病例中,63处在复合型骨折病例中。CT重建技术对复合型骨折的检出率高于DR平片,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 胸部CT容积扫描并综合运用三维重建技术处理,可以提高胸部复合型骨折的检出率,相对于常规放射照片更能提供详细和直观的信息,包括骨折部位、类型、程度以及邻近结构的损伤,并对治疗方案的选择及预后的评估有重要指导价值。

Objective To investigate the reasons for missed diagnoses of children's chest complex fractures in chest radiographs and to discuss the value of multi-slice spiral CT (MSCT) reconstruction in the diagnosis of children's chest complex fractures. Methods 123 children underwent chest digital radiography(DR) and MSCT scans after traumas were collected in our hospital between January 2012 and August 2015. This population consisted of 81 male and 42 female patients, with a mean age of 4.3 years(range from 9 months to 15 years). All participants underwent chest MSCT scans in 1-3 days after completing chest DR, and then we used 3D reconstruction to process the data and compared the results with those processed by DR. Results By chest DR tests we identified 39 cases (61 places) out of 123 participants with 24 simple fractures, 15 complex fractures. And 48 chest fractures were suspected. We also identified 36 cases had chest complications without fracture. By MSCT scans 76 cases (142 places) were identified, among which 42 were simple and 34 were complex. Compared with chest DR, MSCT scans can identified 18 more places of simple fractures and 63 more places of complex fractures. It was statistically significant higher detection rate of MSCT scan than DR. Conclusion Chest MSCT scan combined 3D reconstruction technology can increase the detection rate of chest complex fracture. Compared with DR, it provides more detailed and visualized information, including fracture position, type, severity and adjacent structure damage. It has important guiding value on the selection of therapy and prognosis evaluation.

目的 根据巨脑回畸形的病理特点,对比其它影像检查,研究该病的超声特点,探讨新生儿期巨脑回畸形的超声诊断价值。方法 对5例新生儿巨脑回畸形的患儿的超声资料进行分析。结果 5例超声检查均表现为大脑脑回明显宽大,脑沟、脑回稀少,皮层明显增厚,大脑表面光滑,且5例均伴有不同程度的其它颅脑畸形。结论 新生儿巨脑回畸形具有一定的超声特征,超声检查在新生儿巨脑回畸形的诊断中具有重要的价值。

目的 进一步提高宫腔粘连的超声诊断准确率。方法 对476例超声诊断的宫腔粘连病例进行回顾性分析。结果 476例经阴道彩超诊断的宫腔粘连患者,超声主要表现:内膜回声连续性中断,内膜厚薄不均。超声结合临床表现,将患者分成轻度粘连、中度粘连和重度粘连。71例重度粘连患者于我院行宫腔镜治疗。经阴道彩超结合临床,对宫腔粘连的诊断准确率达100%。结论 经阴道彩色多普勒超声是诊断宫腔粘连首选的检查手段。经阴道彩超结合临床,对宫腔粘连具有很大的诊断价值,对粘连的分级有助于指导临床制定治疗计划。

Objective To improve the ultrasound diagnostic accuracy rate of Intrauterine Adhesions. Methods Retrospectively analysis of 476 intrauterine adhesions cases were diagnosed by the transvaginal color ultrasound. Results Main imaging characteristics of 476 IUA cases were endometrial echo interruption, uneven thickness, et al. Combining ultrasound with clinical performance, the data was classified into three types: mild IUA, moderate IUA, severe IUA. 71 cases of severe IUA were treated with hysteroscopy surgery. Conclusion Transvaginal ultrasound with clinical data diagnosis for the intrauterine adhesions has higher practical value. The classification is helpful for making the treatment plan.

目的 探讨传统支气管针吸活检 (cTBNA )与超声支气管镜引导下针吸活检(EBUS-TBNA)对于肺部疾病伴有肺门及纵膈淋巴结肿大患者的诊断价值。方法 2012 年8月—2014年6月对在我院行CT检查提示肺部伴有肺门和/或纵膈淋巴结病变的患者38例, 分别利用cTBNA或EBUS-TBNA检查对肿大的淋巴结行TBNA,对所获得的标本进行相应的细胞学检查。结果 38例病例均经组织病理学诊断后确诊,并经过6个月的随访,其中cTBNA组(n=19)经组织病理明确诊断的包括:1例结核,5例小细胞肺癌,6例腺癌,3例鳞癌,1例大细胞癌,3例慢性炎症,cTBNA细胞学诊断阳性诊断率为63.16%(12/19),cTBNA组细胞学诊断肺癌的敏感度为66.67％(10/15),特异度为100％。EBUS-TBNA组(n=19)组织病理学诊断明确的1例为肺结核,1例为纵隔恶性肿瘤,1例为结节病,1例大细胞癌,1例小细胞癌,7例腺癌,5例鳞癌,2例为慢性炎症,EBUS-TBNA细胞学阳性诊断率为78.94%(15/19)。两种方法在诊断肺门及纵膈淋巴结肿大的疾病中有差异(P<0.05)。EBUS-TBNA组细胞学诊断肺癌的敏感度为86.67％(13/15),特异度为100％。结论 EBUS-TBNA细胞学检查对肺部疾病伴有肺门及纵膈淋巴结肿大的诊断率较cTBNA高,可明显提高检查阳性率,具有重要临床意义。

Objective To evaluate the value of clinical application between cTBNA and EBUS-TBNA in diagnosis of mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes. Methods Between August 2012 and June 2014, 38 in-patients with mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes took conventional transbronchial needle aspiration( cTBNA,n=19) or endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration(EBUS-TBNA, n=19), and we were comparing the diagnostic results of two methods. Results 19 patients in the cTBNA group were diagnosed by forceps biopsy,including 1 case of lung cancer and 162 cases of tuberculosis, 5 cases of small cell lung cancer, 6 cases of adenocarcinoma, 3 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 1 case of large cell carcinoma, 3 cases of chronic inflammation, a cytological diagnosis of TBNA positive in 12 cases (63.16%). In the EBUS-TBNA group (n=19), the patients were diagnosed by accepting forceps biopsy, 1 case of tuberculosis, 1 case of mediastinal malignant tumor, 1 cases of sarcoidosis, 1 cases of large cell carcinoma, 1 case of small cell carcinoma, 7 cases of adenocarcinoma, 5 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 2 cases of chronic inflammation, EBUS-TBNA cytology positive rate of diagnosis was 14 (73.68%). Two techniques in the diagnosis of mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes have statistically significant(P<0.05). The sensitinty of cytology in the diagnosis of lung caner was 86.67%(13/15),and the specificity was 100%(EBUS-TBNA). Conclusion EBUS-TBNA is an effective tool in the diagnosis of mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes and superior to cTBNA.

目的 探讨临床常用非侵袭性检查指标诊断膀胱出口梗阻(BOO)的准确性及可靠性。方法 回顾性研究2003年11月—2015年11月在广州市第一人民医院就诊并接受压力—流率测定(PFS)的男性LUTS/BPH患者,以侵袭性的PFS为诊断BOO的“金标准”,以前列腺体积(PV)、移行带体积(TZV)、移行带指数(TZI)、前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)、最大尿流率(Qmax)、剩余尿量(PVR)、剩余分数(RF)等非侵袭性检查指标为诊断指标进行诊断试验评价。结果 筛选1319例患者纳入统计分析。以ICS列线图为诊断标准,PV、TZV、TZI、PSA、Qmax、RF、PVR诊断BOO的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.803、0.807、0.698、0.775、0.740、0.679、0.641;以Schaefer列线图为诊断标准,PV、TZV、TZI、PSA、Qmax、RF、PVR诊断BOO的AUC分别为0.806、0.814、0.713、0.773、0.721、0.684、0.642。结论 PV、TZV、TZI、PSA、Qmax、RF、PVR等非侵袭性指标对筛查及诊断中老年男性BOO有一定的参考价值及临床意义,其中TZV、PV、PSA、Qmax的诊断准确性较高。

Objective To evaluate and assess the efficacy and validity of the most common and noninvasive parameters in daily clinical practice for detecting bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in elderly male compared with the golden standard pressure-flow study (PFS). Methods Retrospectively analyze the outpatients and inpatients of male LUTS/BPH from November 2003 to November 2015 in Guangzhou First People's Hospital. Collect the PFS parameters and other noninvasive parameters including PV, TZV, TZI, PSA, Qmax, RF, and PVR. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the efficiency of each parameter for detecting BOO. Statistic analyses were performed using SPSS (Version 21). Results The data from 1319 patients were analyzed. According to the ICS-nomogram. The areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) of PV, TZV, TZI, PSA, Qmax, RF, and PVR for detecting BOO were 0.803, 0.807, 0.698, 0.775, 0.740, 0.679, and 0.641, respectively. According to the Schaefer's nomogram, the AUCs of PV, TZV, TZI, PSA, Qmax, RF, and PVR for detecting BOO were 0.806, 0.814, 0.713, 0.773, 0.721, 0.684, and 0.642, respectively. Conclusion PV, TZV, TZI, PSA, Qmax, RF, and PVR would help predicting BOO in elderly male noninvasively, and providing valuable reference and guidance in clinical decision. TZV, PV, PSA and Qmax supply preferable accuracy for detecting BOO, with better sensitivity and specificity.

目的 探讨经阴道三维彩色能量多普勒成像在诊断子宫瘢痕妊娠(CSP)中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析245例临床怀疑瘢痕妊娠(CSP)患者的二维彩色超声(2D-CDFI)及经阴道三维彩色能量多普勒成像的表现,与病理结果进行对比,总结分析它们对子宫瘢痕妊娠(CSP)的灵敏度、特异度及阳性检出率。结果 2D-CDFI 诊断CSP的灵敏度、特异度及阳性检出率分别为73.7%、68.75%及74.44%;经阴道三维彩色能量多普勒成像诊断CSP的灵敏度、特异度及阳性检出率分别为87.06%、73.33%及88.10%;两者在诊断CSP的准确率差异有统计学意义(P=0.0026,P<0.05)。结论 经阴道三维彩色能量多普勒成像检查能清晰显示包块与子宫的空间立体结构,也能够多角度多方面显示瘢痕妊娠与子宫肌层间的异常血管,是早期诊断CSP的首选方法之一,具有重要的临床价值。

目的 探讨血清胱抑素C、尿酸及降钙素原对诊断急性心肌梗死的临床价值。方法 回顾性分析我院134例心肌梗死患者及89名健康人血清胱抑素C、尿酸及降钙素原水平。结果 与健康对照组相比,实验组患者血清Cys-C、UA和PCT均有不同程度的升高,且差异有统计学意义。此外,血清Cys-C和PCT升高的水平与心肌梗死程度有关。结论 血清Cys-C、UA和PCT水平均可以作为AMI的临床指标,并且血清Cys-C和PCT在一定程度反映心肌梗死的严重程度。

目的 调查分析病案首页疾病诊断存在的问题,以提出针对性的干预对策。方法 由病案科编码员根据《卫生部关于修订下发住院病案首页的通知》相关规定,对抽取的4200份病案首页的疾病诊断进行检查,对疾病诊断问题分类记录,同时对其发生原因进行问卷调查,建立相应数据库,应用Excel统计工具进行统计分析。结果 共748份的疾病诊断存在问题,发生率高达17.8%,包括疾病诊断中主要诊断选择错误8.3%、疾病诊断的名称不规范7.6%,以及漏诊问题1.8%。疾病诊断存在问题发生率较高的临床科室为内分泌科38.0%,骨科科32.8%,肿瘤科31.6%。在读研究生最容易出现疾病诊断问题,发生率高达48.0%。结论 对疾病诊断存在问题的高发临床医师群体和临床科室进行针对性干预对策,有望降低病案首页疾病诊断问题的发生率。

Objective To investigate the defects analysis and targeted intervention on the diseases diagnosis in the home pages of medical records. Methods To conduct an inspection analysis on the four thousand and two hundred medical records according to the related requirements of “Notification on Standard writing in Home Pages of Hospitalization Medical Records announced by the Ministry of Health” by professional medical records staff.They found out and classified the defects on the diseases diagnosis in the home pages of medical records,at the same time,questionnaire survey were carried on to investigate the related causes,and the corresponding database establish ed.Excel statistical tools were applied for statistical analysis. Results There were defects on the diseases diagnosis in a total of seven hundred and forty-eight cases,the incidence of which was 17.8%,including 8.3% of mistakes of main diagnosis,7.6% of lack of standardization in diagnosis names,1.8% of missed diagnosis respectively.Defects on the diseases diagnosis occurred in a higher rate in the clinical departments,such as department of endocrine with 38.0%,department of orthopedics with 32.8%,and department of oncology with 31.6%.Graduate students most prone to make mistakes with defects on the diseases diagnosis,the incidence of which was 48.0%. Conclusion Targeted interventions to clinician groups and clinical departments with high incidence of defects on the diseases diagnosis,is expected to reduce the incidence of which in the home pages of medical records.

目的 探讨颅脑超声在高危新生儿颅内疾病的诊断应用。方法 2010年7月—2014年6月间在我院新生儿重症监护室(NICU)813例新生儿应用百胜Mylab Five型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,探头频率5～7.5 MHz,进行常规颅脑超声检查。患儿取仰卧位,经前囱作矢状切面及冠状切面按顺序扫查,重点扫查几个标志性切面。头皮留置针遮盖前囟者先予拔除,以保证检查顺利进行。结果 超声异常者85.73%(697/813)。其中颅内出血45.62%(318/697)。早期脑室周围—脑室内出血(PIVH)88.05%(280/318),以I级和II级为多;大脑出血4.40%(14/318);丘脑出血2.22%(7/318);小脑出血1.89%(6/318);蛛网膜下腔出血1.89%(6/318);硬膜下出血1.57%(5/318)。缺氧缺血性脑损伤(HIHB) 36.01%(251/697)。足月儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)67.33%(169/251),轻度HIE52.59%(132/251),中重度HIE14.74%(37/251)。早产儿缺氧缺血性脑病(PVL)33.67%(82/251),化脓性脑膜炎3.30%(23/697)。脑积水15.06%(105/697),以外围性脑积水多见。出院前复查: I度及II度PIVH大部分吸收,III级及IV级PIVH可见侧脑室扩大、脑实质液化性囊腔。大脑出血、丘脑出血、小脑出血均有不同程度吸收,严重者遗留液化性囊腔,蛛网膜下腔出血及硬膜下出血亦有不同程度地吸收。轻度HIE大部分恢复正常,中重度HIE 均有脑室扩大、脑萎缩、液化性囊腔。PVL后期见囊泡性改变。化脓性脑膜炎后期可见硬膜下积液及梗阻性脑积水。结论 颅脑超声便携,可床边,价廉,可重复,具有较实用临床应用价值。适用于新生儿颅内疾病的筛查及诊断。对脑中线部位脑室周围—脑室内出血,对脑积水的程度、预后具有特异性诊断价值。它可提示颅内病变类型、程度、部位及动态监测病情进展情况。对某些颅内病变如蛛网膜下腔出血,硬膜下腔出血,小脑出血则需要结合CT、MRI等其它影像技术,为临床诊断提供依据。