目的 研究探讨重症监护病房(ICU)病原菌的分布及耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供科学依据。方法 回顾性分析2015年ICU住院患者送检细菌分离培养及药敏试验结果。结果 ICU共送检标本1 326份,分离出病原菌554株,其中革兰阴性病原菌462株(83.4%),革兰阳性病原菌48株(8.7%),真菌44株(7.9%)。革兰阴性杆菌前5位依次为鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、粘质沙雷菌和大肠埃希菌,且多耐药菌株比例较高。革兰阳性病原菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,32株(66.7%),MRSA检出率78.3%(25/32)。结论 加强重症监护病房的细菌及药敏监测,根据病原菌药敏结果指导临床合理使用抗菌药物,控制耐药菌株的产生,预防及控制院内感染及感染暴发。

Objective To investigate the distribution characteristics and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in intensive care unit(ICU) and provide scientific evidence for clinically reasonable use of antibiotics. Methods Specimens from hospitalized intensive care unit patients in 2015 were obtained for routine bacterial isolation and culture. Results A total of 554 bacterial strains were isolated from 1326 specimens, in which Gram-negative bacilli accounted for 462 stains (83.4%),Gram-positive cocci accounted for 48 stains (8.7%),and fungi accounted for 44 stains (7.9%). Gram-negative bacilli of the top five were Acinetobacter baumannii,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli,and the rate of multiple resistant bacteria was relatively high.Staphylococcus aureus were the main Gram-positive cocci, including MRSA accounted for 78.3%(25/32). Conclusion The monitoring of ICU clinical pathogens and their resistance should be strengthened. It is a great significance to use antibiotics rationally according to the results of susceptibility testing, in order to control the occurrence of resistant bacteria , prevent and control hospital infection and infection outbreak.

目的 了解惠州地区无偿献血者中抗-Mur及Mur抗原的频率,为指导临床输血及建立稀有血型红细胞库提供依据。方法 用微板盐水法和凝聚胺法筛查8686名自愿无偿献血者血浆中的抗-Mur,再用微柱凝胶卡方法进一步确认;采用人源抗-Mur血清检测1119名献血者Mur抗原的红细胞表型。结果 无偿献血者血清中抗-Mur频率为0.35%(31/8686),男女间的差异有统计意义(P<0.05),女性高于男性;Mur抗原阳性频率为5.61％(63／1119)。结论 惠州地区无偿献血者中抗-Mur频率较高,而Mur抗原阳性则相对较常见,在输血前检查项目中增加Mur血型抗原抗体检测是非常必要的。

Objective To investigate the frequency of anti-Mur and Mur antigen among blood donors in Huizhou city and provide data for guiding clinical transfusion and establishing red blood cells library of rare blood type. Method Micro-plate brine method and polybrene method are used to screen anti-Mur from 8686 blood donors. DG Gel Coombs cards are used to confirm the result. Human anti-Mur serum is used to screen the phenotypes from other 1119 blood donors. Results The frequency of anti-Mur was 0.35%(31/8686). The differences between men and women had statistical significance (P<0.05), of which women were higher than men. The frequency of Mur antigen positive was 5.61％(63／1119). Conclusion The blood donors in Huizhou showed a high frequency of anti-Mur and a relatively high frequency of Mur antigen, so it is very necessary to add test method of Mur blood group antigen and antibody before the donors carry out the blood transfusion process.

目的 调查重症监护病房(ICU)医院感染的常见细菌分布及耐药性变化,为合理使用抗生素和医院感染的预防控制提供相关科学依据。方法 回顾性分析医院2007—2011年ICU收治的381医院感染患者感染菌株分布特点及耐药性情况。结果 ICU医院感染常见菌株主要来源于痰液标本,占78.2%,其次是血液。381 株临床分离菌中共检出革兰阴性杆菌262 株、革兰氏阳性球菌70例和真菌49例,分别占68. 8%、24.9%和占17.4%。革兰阴性杆菌中鲍氏不动杆菌(24.7%)、肺炎克雷伯氏杆菌(10.8%)、铜绿假单胞菌(9.2%)排前三位。其中除碳青霉烯类药物及抑酶制剂,鲍氏不动杆菌对其余抗菌药物耐药率均＞40%。革兰氏阳性球菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主。对青霉素、庆大霉素、红霉素的耐药率均＞50%。结论 呼吸道仍是ICU最常见的感染部位。病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,且对常用抗菌药物的耐药率逐渐升高,临床应加强抗菌药物规范使用,避免耐药菌株的产生。

Objective To investigate the distribution and drug resistance of pathogens in intensive care unit(ICU)causing nosocomial infections so as to provide scientific basis for antibiotic adoption and the prevention and control of nosocomial infections. Methods The specimen sources and the clinical distribution of the 381 pathogens isolated from 2007 to 2011 were retrospectively analyzed. The drug resistance was observed in ICU that causing nosocomial infections. Results The sputum was the major specimens source in ICU, accounting for 78.2%. Of the 381 pathogens causing nosocomial infections in ICU, the 262 gram-negative bacilli (68.8%), 70 gram-positive cocci (24.9%),and 49 fungi (17.4) were isolated, Among gram-negative bacilli the top three were acinetobacter baumannii (24.7%), klebsiella pneumonia(10.8%),and pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.2%). The drug resisitance rate of baumannii to antibiotics were more than 40%,beside carbapenem and B-Lactamaseinhibitors. The main gram-positive cocci of causing nosocomial infections was saphylococcus aureus in ICU. The drug resisitance rate of S. aureus to penicillin, erythromycin and gentamicin were higher than 50.0%. Conclusion The main distribution area of nosocomial infections was the respiratory tract and the gram-negative bacilli were the common pathogens in ICU. It was benefit to avoid presenting of drug resistant strain, and antibiotics should be reasonably used in clinic.

目的 了解近5年来阴沟肠杆菌在我院的临床分布及耐药性的变迁情况。方法 采用K-B纸片法进行药物敏感性测定,再用双纸片法检测超广普β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)。结果 2010年1月—2014年12月我院共分离阴沟肠杆菌261株,其中2010年分离48株(18.4%)、2011年50株(19.2%)、2012年52株(19.9%)、2013年54株(20.7%)、2014年57株(21.2株%);主要分布于重症监护室(ICU)、呼吸内科、肝胆外科,分别占49.%(130株)、14.9%(39株)、11.9%(31株),标本来源主要为痰液、尿液及伤口分泌物,分别占52%、13.5%、12.8%,ESBLs菌株的检出率为29.9%(78株),产酶株的耐药性高于非产酶株,全部菌株对亚胺培南敏感。结论 阴沟肠杆菌主要引起呼吸道、尿路和各种伤口感染,多发于ICU患者,并且呈逐年增多趋势,产ESBLs在阴沟肠杆菌中广为流行,合理使用抗菌药物(尤其是第三代头孢菌素)是减少产ESBLs株流行的重要措施。

Objective To investigate the clinical distribution and antimicrobial resistance of infections caused by enterobacter cloacae in our hospital. Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The extended-spectrum β-Lactamases (ESLBS) were detected by double disc diffusion test. Results A total of 261 strains of E cloacae were isolated from Jan 2010 to Dec 2014. The percentages of these strains isolated in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 were 18.4%, 19.2%, 19.9%, 20.7%, 21.2% respectively. E cloacae were mainly isolated from intensive care unit (ICU) (49.0%), respiratory medicine (14.9%) and surgery (11.9%) respectively. The percentages of these strains isolated from sputum, urine and wound secretion were 52.0% 13.5% and 12.8% respectively. The percentages of ESBLS producer was 29.9% (78 strains).Their resistance was obviously higher than that of non-ESBLS producer. But all strain were sensitive to imipenem. Conclusion E Cloacae caused infections of respiratory tract, urinary and wound principally in clinic. The most of which occured in ICU. The ESBLS are popular in E cloacae and show the increasing trend year by year. The restricted use of antimicrobial drug is a considerable measure which reduces prevalence of ESBLS producing strains.

        目的   对入住重症监护病房（ICU）重症孕产妇患者的病种特征和住院费用进行分析。方法   从医院信息管理系统中搜索2009—2019年广州市某省级重症孕产妇救治中心ICU的重症孕产妇住院病例，对病例资料进行描述性流行病学分析。结果  2009—2019年该救治中心ICU共收治重症孕产妇1 616例，病种排名前五位依次为心血管疾病430例（26.61%）、血液及造血器官疾病310例（19.18%）、妊娠期特定并发疾病287例（17.76%）、消化系统疾病218例（13.49%）、呼吸系统疾病110例（6.81%）。患者经济负担中位数排名前五位依次为肌肉骨骼系统和结缔组织疾病（62 252.60元）、消化系统疾病（61 684.41元）、感染性疾病（42 945.70元）、血液及造血器官疾病（40 403.52元）、神经系统疾病（40 055.93元）。结论   入住ICU内的重症孕产妇以心血管疾病、血液及造血器官疾病为主，经济学分析表明肌肉骨骼系统和结缔组织疾病造成的经济损失较大。

       Objective  To analyze the disease characteristics and hospitalization expenses of  severe maternal patients in intensive care unit（ICU）．Methods  Hospitalized cases of severe maternal disease in  ICU of a provincial critical care center in Guangzhou from 2009 to 2019 were searched from the hospital information management system，and case data was analyzed by descriptive epidemiology．Results  From 2009 to 2019，a total of  1616 critically ill maternal  patients  received intensive care treatment at this center．The predominant diseases observed were cardiovascular disorders（26.61%），blood and hematopoietic organ diseases（19.18%），specific pregnancy-related complications（17.76%），gastrointestinal ailments（13.49%），and respiratory disorders（6.81%）．Among the top five patient groups，the median economic burden was the highest in musculoskeletal system and connective tissue diseases（62 252.600 yuan），followed by digestive system diseases（61 684.410 yuan），infectious diseases（42 945.700 yuan），blood and hematopoietic organ diseases（40 403.515 yuan），and nervous system disorders（40 055.930 yuan）Furthermore，a discernible correlation between hospitalization cost and length of stay was identified．Conclusions  Cardiovascular diseases and disorders of blood and hematopoietic organs are the primary causes for maternal admissions to ICU．Economic analysis shows that musculoskeletal system and connective tissues diseases cause bigger economic loss ．