糖尿病患者合并细菌性肺炎的研究进展

来源期刊：广州医药 | 1182-1188 发布时间：2025-09-20 收稿时间：2025/11/3 14:36:41 阅读量：17

作者：: 邓冬燕,

秦振昆,

高静,

张营,

刘延雯,

关键词：: 糖尿病高血糖肺炎病原菌; diabetes hyperglycemia pneumonia pathogens

DOI：: 10. 20223 / j. cnki. 1000-8535. 2025. 09. 004

收稿时间：: 2024-09-05
修订日期：
接收日期：
引用总数：: 0

随着糖尿病患者的增加,因肺炎住院的糖尿病患者数也呈现出明显上升趋势。由于糖代谢紊乱及机体免疫功能下降等因素,细菌在高血糖的机体环境中快速繁殖并分泌大量毒素,增加了抗菌药物使用的时间跨度和细菌清除难度,对患者预后造成了极大的威胁。文章主要对糖尿病合并细菌性肺炎患者的病原学特征、耐药情况及药物治疗等进行阐述,旨在进一步为临床预防和治疗提供参考依据。

糖尿病（diabetes mellitus，DM）是一种代谢性疾病，主要因胰岛素抵抗或胰岛素分泌不足导致血糖代谢紊乱。作为一种慢性疾病，DM患者具有人群庞大、依从性差、控制不佳、易感染等特点。肺炎是DM患者常见感染之一。有研究显示，DM患肺炎的风险较非DM患者高出2倍以上^［1］。对于重症肺炎而言，合并糖尿病患者的治疗结局较差，其ICU住院时间、14天死亡率、30天死亡率明显增高^［2］。此外，糖尿病并发肺炎的死亡人数呈现显著增加的趋势，糖尿病患者主要死因已经开始从心血管疾病转变为肺炎，年龄主要集中在≥75岁患者^［3］。这提示降低糖尿病患者肺炎风险具有必要性。本综述通过对DM合并细菌性肺炎的国内外研究现状进行分析，为优化临床治疗方法、改善患者预后提供参考。

1 糖尿病合并肺炎的病原菌

高血糖患者更易携带多种的病原菌，尤其是耐多药肺炎克雷伯菌和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌^［4］。研究表明，糖尿病合并细菌性肺炎患者感染的革兰阴性菌主要为肺炎克雷伯菌（Klebsiella pneumoniae，Kp）、铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa，PA）、鲍曼不动杆菌（Acinetobacter baumannii，AB），革兰阳性菌主要为肺炎链球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus），其中革兰阴性菌感染占比更高^［5-7］。

1.1 肺炎克雷伯菌

Kp是一种革兰阴性杆菌，可自然存在于健康个体的肠道和呼吸道中。Kp主要分为两种病原体：高毒力Kp（hypervirulent Kp，hvKp）和非毒力型Kp，其中hvKp菌株有高黏液黏稠性，可远处转移至肝、肺、眼和中枢神经系统等部位。研究发现，相较于其他群体，2型DM肠道菌群中更可能携带高毒力的Kp^［8］。DM是hvKp感染的高危因素，与侵袭性hvKp感染的发生密切相关。

Kp的抗菌素耐药性正在随着细菌的高度适应性而发生变化。一项小鼠研究发现，耐碳青霉烯类hvKp可从高黏液黏性状态转变为低黏液黏性状态^［9］。高葡萄糖浓度可通过环腺苷酸信号通路上调Kp毒力基因的转录，进而增强细菌致病性^［10］。中国台湾地区一项多中心研究发现，Kp对三代头孢和氟喹诺酮类药物耐药性明显增加，且碳青霉烯类药物耐药率较高^［11］。DM患者合并Kp感染对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药性较非糖尿病患者高，表现出对头孢吡肟、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、复方磺胺甲口恶唑、阿莫西林克拉维酸钾、氯霉素^［12］、亚胺培南类和美罗培南类药物^［4］等药物高度耐药。据报道，葡萄糖可通过增加荚膜多糖和三磷酸腺苷从而增加Kp对多黏菌素的耐药性^［13］。但有研究得出DM患者表现出较低的抗菌药物耐药性的相反结论^［14］。目前Kp对多黏菌素和替加环素的耐药率仍较低。Chen等^［15］的研究表明，无论采用多黏菌素B还是替加环素联合治疗，7 d的细菌清除率以及14 d的全因死亡率并无明显差异，但在28天全因死亡率的比较中，后者优于前者。研究表明，常规抗菌药物联合碳青霉烯类、替加环素和多黏菌素B的抗菌治疗方案治疗效果可能更佳^［16］。在应对药物敏感性下降的问题上，一些老药被重新利用起来。例如，双氯芬酸钠联合黏菌素治疗可抑制耐药革兰阴性菌生物膜生长^［17］。头孢他啶-阿维巴坦或黏菌素与磷霉素联合使用可发挥更大的抗菌活性^［18］。

1.2 鲍曼不动杆菌

AB为非发酵革兰阴性杆菌，其表面定植能力和产生生物膜的能力有助于抗生素耐药性增加以及在医院环境中的生存和转移^［19］。Kayoko等^［20］研究发现，DM是最常合并呼吸相关性肺炎的慢性疾病^［21］。合并DM使多重耐药AB患者死亡风险增加2倍。

美国感染病学会（IDSA）建议，对于仅感染未定植的轻度耐碳青霉烯类AB（cabapenems-resistant AB，CRAB）患者，氨苄西林-舒巴坦应作为单药治疗的首选药物^［22］。一项多中心研究表明，米诺环素敏感性仅次于黏菌素，且含米诺环素的治疗方案显示出最佳的微生物学反应^［23］。但该药物仍需进一步随机试验验证疗效。大剂量替加环素常与肝毒性风险相关。一项针对CRAB血流感染的研究报道，相对于接受头孢哌酮/舒巴坦治疗的患者，接受了替加环素治疗患者的28天死亡率明显增高^［24］。因此，使用替加环素治疗时，需仔细监测副作用。严重AB感染常需要联合治疗。研究发现，黏菌素和碳青霉烯类药物联合使用可降低7天死亡率，联合舒巴坦治疗可显著降低28天死亡率^［23］。一项以亚胺培南-西司他丁为基础治疗的研究表明，相较于联合使用黏菌素治疗，联合使用舒巴坦-度洛巴坦的患者发生不良事件及肾毒性事件均减少^［25］。与基于黏菌素的方案相比，基于头孢地洛的方案显著降低CRAB 感染患者的死亡风险。但两种方案在临床治愈率方面没有统计学意义^［26］。

此外，在病案报告中，一名2型糖尿病合并多重耐药AB肺炎患者经过噬菌体疗法成功改善病情^［27］。在糖尿病足患者中，研究发现AB可与金黄色葡萄球菌共生，两种菌株生长和抗生素敏感性都不会相互影响^［28］。这种共生状态增加了治疗难度。在动物实验中，抗菌肽（短 9-meric 肽）对于减轻CRAB脓毒症导致的多器官功能损害具有一定的作用^［29］。噬菌体疗法、抗菌肽疗法可能成为治疗的潜在替代方案。一项针对耐碳青霉烯类AB复合菌血症患者的研究表明，非DM患者的血糖范围在70~100 mg/dL而DM患者的血糖范围则在100~140 mg/dL时死亡率呈现最低水平^［30］。血糖管理方面目前尚未成熟，需进一步的研究明确最佳的血糖管理模式。

1.3 铜绿假单胞菌

PA是一种需氧杆菌，能产生内外毒素从而引起败血症和脓毒血症。研究发现，葡萄糖可诱导基因表达变异，使DM患者对PA感染的易感性增加^［31］。在动物实验中，与正常大鼠肺部相比，DM大鼠表现出较高的气道反应炎症，例如肺部促炎细胞因子水平增高、炎性细胞浸润^［32］。

为了研究外源性葡萄糖浓度对PA生物膜形成和抗生素耐药性的影响，She P等^［33］进行代谢组学分析发现，2%和4%葡萄糖质量分数环境中，PA生物膜形成在8~24 h治疗期间以时间依赖性方式显著增强。这可能与葡萄糖上调细胞外多糖相关基因表达相关。不管是源于DM患者的伤口分泌物还是痰液，在葡萄糖质量分数为3.8%和4.8%时，PA生长速度达到最大值，且脓毒素生成明显增加^［31］。但在体外研究中，PA菌株在葡萄糖质量分数≥5%时，其生长显示出浓度依赖性抑制作用，当高达30%时，实验中所有菌株受到抑制^［34］。在补充葡萄糖后，PA可能出现繁殖增快、毒力增强，这可能促进患者预后不佳及住院时间延长。

王艳等^［35］对2 437株临床病原菌进行耐药性分析后发现，PA对头孢唑林、氨苄西林、头孢曲松、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、复方磺胺甲口恶唑耐药已经完全耐药。而在DM足患者中，耐多药PA菌株也表现出对妥布霉素、庆大霉素和环丙沙星耐药^［16］。一项研究对接受抗生素较短治疗（≤8 d）与较长治疗方案（＞8 d）治疗多重耐药PA肺炎患者进行比较，结果表明两组治疗在院内死亡率及30 d复发率无明显差异^［36］。相关治疗方法在不断创新。有研究表明，合成的生物膜抑制剂可增强妥布霉素和多黏菌素B的活性^［37］。使用血管紧张素-（1-7）治疗假单胞菌感染的小鼠能够减少炎症反应及减轻肺功能障碍^［38］。肽模拟物 TM5可杀灭PA且在哺乳动物细胞中显示出较低的毒性，具有一定应用潜力^［39］。

1.4 金黄色葡萄球菌

金黄色葡萄球菌在糖尿病患者感染中占主导地位，多见于皮肤和软组织感染，常见于肺部感染。印度尼西亚一项大型研究报道，医院感染中，近22.2%的金黄色葡萄球菌分离株出现对甲氧西林耐药，在社区感染中，则接近11.1%^［40］。血糖控制不佳的DM患者容易受到耐药菌感染，HbA1c＞8%的患者容易合并多细菌感染^［7］。

在一些基础研究中，混合细菌感染产生不同的生物反应。Cenito CJ等^［41］研究发现，在无DM小鼠中，金黄色葡萄球菌的生长受到PA的抑制，而在糖尿病小鼠中，金黄色葡萄球菌能够在高糖环境感染期间克服PA的生长抑制。而在某些情况下，金黄色葡萄球菌会促进白念珠菌的快速增殖和菌丝生长^［42］。

一项研究表明，金黄色葡萄球菌已经对氨苄西林、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲口恶唑和头孢呋辛表现出耐药性^［43］。但该菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺和替加环素仍然高度敏感^［44］。对于严重甲氧西林耐药的患者，应用万古霉素治疗时应进行个体化给药^［45］。在新的研究方案中，PDIA亚氨基糖可减轻小鼠伤口感染炎症，可能是一种有效的抗生物膜治疗方法^［46］。

1.5 肺炎链球菌

肺炎链球菌是一种革兰阳性球菌，易感人群为儿童和老年人，其易引起肺炎球菌性肺炎和侵袭性肺炎球菌病。糖尿病、心脏病、慢性肺病、癌症和慢性肾病病史是其常见的感染危险因素^［47］。马来西亚回顾性数据库分析表明，肺炎球菌性肺炎的病死率达到5.8%，合并脑膜炎时病死率上升至9.1%^［48］。

有学者探究中国西南地区各年龄段患者肺炎链球菌的患病情况，目前最常见的肺炎球菌血清型为19F、19A，且肺炎链球菌分离株对万古霉素和利奈唑胺敏感^［49］。湖南省呼吸道标本耐药监测网显示，青霉素仍可作为儿童肺炎链球菌肺炎的首选用药^［50］。美国一项研究分析了34 039株肺炎链球菌分离株耐药性，研究发现近一半的分离株对抗菌药物耐药，且肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类药物的耐药性呈显著增加趋势^［51］。目前多价肺炎链球菌结合疫苗的普及，肺炎链球菌感染情况有所改善。然而，有多项研究表明，随着肺炎链球菌结合疫苗和多糖疫苗的覆盖率增加，与之对应的血清型有所下降，但非疫苗类型同时增加^［52-53］。这提示持续监测抗菌药物耐药性的必要性。

1.6 其他细菌

在DM患者中，细菌培养还可见到真菌、大肠埃希菌、流血嗜血杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌等病原菌。由于肺炎患者中检出率较低，较少研究显示高血糖对这些细菌行为方式及耐药性的影响。Lao M等^［54］的研究表明，DM患者真菌感染最常攻击肺部，并容易合并其他细菌感染。HbA1c水平高、DM肾病可能是促进患者预后不良的原因。Jiménez-Escutia R等^［55］发现，在妊娠期糖尿病患者中，高水平的葡萄糖浓度可促进机体炎症反应并削弱胎盘对大肠杆菌感染的防御能力从而引起感染。

2 不同降糖药物对肺炎的影响

此外，一些降糖药物可能有一定的抗菌作用。一项纳入34 774例患者的前瞻性队列研究表明，使用二肽基肽酶-4抑制剂治疗的DM患者发生KP肺炎累积发病率显著降低^［56］。Liu等^［57］予以糖尿病小鼠阿卡波糖灌胃12 d，再进行呼吸道PA种植，结果显示，小鼠肺组织中PA的表达较未使用阿卡波糖的糖尿病小鼠减低。Yu等^［32］研究也表明，胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂可通过抑制甜味受体亚基T1R2/T1R3的上调来减少肺部促炎细胞因子的生成，进而缓解PA肺炎。

此外，卡格列净可通过下调生物膜及毒力基因表达、破坏细胞壁结构、影响细菌代谢等，对耐药菌株产生抗菌活性，且卡格列净与青霉素合用时抗菌活性增强^［58］。有多变量分析表明，口服二甲双胍可显著降低金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症死亡率^［59］。Ni等^［60］为了进一步探究胰岛素联合利奈唑胺治疗糖尿病合并金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎的效果，进行了体内外实验，结果显示，联合用药除了可以达到原本的降糖、抗菌效果，并且还通过免疫相关通路及分子获得抗炎活性，有望成为DM合并金黄色葡萄球菌感染的新疗法。

3 总结与展望

综上所述，临床上有必要合理联合用药和探索新的治疗药物。虽然抗菌药物治疗和支持性治疗不断升级、疫苗接种在内的公共卫生措施在一定程度上降低住院和死亡人数，但细菌适应性也在不断地增强。随着人口老龄化，合并糖尿病的老年患者就诊人数也会进一步增高，糖尿病合并肺炎的院内死亡率随之增加。糖尿病除了增加肺部细菌感染风险，也使其治疗策略更复杂化，这对患者经济负担和身心健康产生重要影响。目前治疗形势严峻，抗菌方案需要进一步完善，对于该类疾病更加个体化和针对性治疗。其次，研究表明一些降糖药物具有抗生素活性，但抗菌作用较弱，随后的研究可进一步探讨更多药物在未来的潜在应用，为糖尿病合并肺炎的患者制定合理的治疗政策。

1、HARDING%E2%80%83J%E2%80%83L%EF%BC%8CBENOIT%E2%80%83S%E2%80%83R%EF%BC%8CGREGG%E2%80%83E%E2%80%83W%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0ATrends%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83%20rates%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83infections%E2%80%83%20requiring%E2%80%83hospitalization%E2%80%83%0Aamong%E2%80%83adults%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83versus%E2%80%83without%E2%80%83%20diabetes%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83the%E2%80%83U.%E2%80%83%0AS.%E2%80%83%EF%BC%8C2000-2015%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EDiabetes%E2%80%83Care%EF%BC%8C2020%EF%BC%8C43%0A%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A106-116%EF%BC%8E

2、HUANG%E2%80%83D%EF%BC%8CHE%E2%80%83D%EF%BC%8CGONG%E2%80%83L%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EClinical%E2%80%83%0Acharacteristics%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83risk%E2%80%83factors%E2%80%83associated%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83mortality%E2%80%83%0Ain%E2%80%83patients%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83severe%E2%80%83community-acquired%E2%80%83pneumonia%E2%80%83%0Aand%E2%80%83type%E2%80%832%E2%80%83diabetes%E2%80%83mellitus%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8ECrit%E2%80%83Care%EF%BC%8C2021%EF%BC%8C%0A25%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A419%EF%BC%8E

3、WU%E2%80%83H%EF%BC%8CLAU%E2%80%83E%E2%80%83S%E2%80%83H%EF%BC%8CMA%E2%80%83R%E2%80%83C%E2%80%83W%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8ESecular%E2%80%83%0Atrends%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83all-cause%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83cause-specific%E2%80%83mortality%E2%80%83%20rates%E2%80%83%0Ain%E2%80%83people%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83diabetes%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83Hong%E2%80%83Kong%EF%BC%8C2001-2016%EF%BC%9A%0AA%E2%80%83retrospective%E2%80%83cohort%E2%80%83study%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EDiabetologia%EF%BC%8C%0A2020%EF%BC%8C63%EF%BC%884%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A757-766%EF%BC%8E

4、YI%E2%80%83H%EF%BC%8CHUANG%E2%80%83J%EF%BC%8CGUO%E2%80%83L%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EI%20nc%20rea%20se%20d%E2%80%83%0Aantimicrobial%E2%80%83%20resistance%E2%80%83%20among%E2%80%83%20sputum%E2%80%83%20pathogens%E2%80%83%0Afrom%E2%80%83patients%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83hyperglycemia%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EInfect%E2%80%83Drug%E2%80%83%0AResist%EF%BC%8C2020%EF%BC%8813%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A1723-1733%EF%BC%8E

5、张丽，赵静，王晨菲．2型糖尿病合并肺部感染病原菌类型及肺部CT特征分析［J］．中国病原生物学杂志，2023，18（5）：589-592，597．

6、包萨日娜，李武武．2型糖尿病肺部感染病原学特点及危险因素分析［J］．中国城乡企业卫生，2023，38（8）：15-18．

7、ZHANG%E2%80%83Q%E2%80%83R%EF%BC%8CCHEN%E2%80%83H%EF%BC%8CLIU%E2%80%83B%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EMethicillin%02resistant%E2%80%83%20Staphylococcus%E2%80%83%20au%20reus%E2%80%83%20pneumonia%E2%80%83%20in%E2%80%83%0Adiabetics%EF%BC%9AA%E2%80%83single-center%EF%BC%8Cretrospective%E2%80%83analysis%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EChin%E2%80%83Med%E2%80%83J%EF%BC%8C2019%EF%BC%8C132%EF%BC%8812%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A1429-1434%EF%BC%8E

8、DONG%E2%80%83W%EF%BC%8CFAN%E2%80%83X%EF%BC%8CGUO%E2%80%83Y%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EAn%E2%80%83%20expanded%E2%80%83%0Adatabase%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83analytical%E2%80%83toolkit%E2%80%83for%E2%80%83identifying%E2%80%83bacterial%E2%80%83%0Avirulence%E2%80%83factors%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83their%E2%80%83associations%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83chronic%E2%80%83%0Adiseases%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8ENat%E2%80%83Commun%EF%BC%8C2024%EF%BC%8C15%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%0A8084%EF%BC%8E

9、SONG%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8CYANG%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8CZHENG%E2%80%83R%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EAdaptive%E2%80%83%0Aevolution%E2%80%83%20of%E2%80%83%20carbapenem-resistant%E2%80%83%20hypervirulent%E2%80%83%0AKlebsiella%E2%80%83pneumoniae%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83the%E2%80%83urinary%E2%80%83tract%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83a%E2%80%83single%E2%80%83%0Apatient%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EProc%E2%80%83Natl%E2%80%83Acad%E2%80%83Sci%E2%80%83U%E2%80%83S%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8C2024%EF%BC%8C121%0A%EF%BC%8835%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9Ae2400446121%EF%BC%8E

10、TANG%E2%80%83L%EF%BC%8CWANG%E2%80%83H%EF%BC%8CCAO%E2%80%83K%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EEpidemiological%E2%80%83%0Afeatures%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83impact%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83high%E2%80%83glucose%E2%80%83level%E2%80%83on%E2%80%83virulence%E2%80%83%0Agene%E2%80%83%20expression%E2%80%83%20and%E2%80%83%20serum%E2%80%83%20resistance%E2%80%83%20of%E2%80%83%20klebsiella%E2%80%83%0Apneumoniae%E2%80%83causing%E2%80%83liver%E2%80%83abscess%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83diabetic%E2%80%83patients%0A%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EInfect%E2%80%83Drug%E2%80%83Resist%EF%BC%8C2023%EF%BC%8816%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A1221-1230%EF%BC%8E

11、HUANG%E2%80%83Y%E2%80%83C%EF%BC%8CKUO%E2%80%83S%E2%80%83C%EF%BC%8CFANG%E2%80%83C%E2%80%83T%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0AChanging%E2%80%83epidemiology%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83antimicrobial%E2%80%83%20resistance%E2%80%83%0Aof%E2%80%83bacteria%E2%80%83causing%E2%80%83bacteremia%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83Taiwan%EF%BC%9A2002-%0A2020%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EMicrobiol%E2%80%83Spectr%EF%BC%8C2024%EF%BC%8C12%EF%BC%888%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%0Ae0060824%EF%BC%8E

12、PATTOLATH%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8CADHIKARI%E2%80%83P%EF%BC%8CPAI%E2%80%83V%EF%BC%8E%0ACarbapenemase-producing%E2%80%83%20klebsiella%E2%80%83%20pneumoniae%E2%80%83%0Ainfections%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83%20diabetic%E2%80%83%20and%E2%80%83%20nondiabetic%E2%80%83%20hospitalized%E2%80%83%0Apatients%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8ECureus%EF%BC%8C2024%EF%BC%8C16%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9Ae52468%EF%BC%8E

13、FAN%E2%80%83Z%EF%BC%8CFU%E2%80%83T%EF%BC%8CLIU%E2%80%83H%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EGlucose%E2%80%83%20induces%E2%80%83%0Aresistance%E2%80%83to%E2%80%83%20polymyxins%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83%20high-alcohol-producing%E2%80%83%0Aklebsiella%E2%80%83%20pneumoniae%E2%80%83%20via%E2%80%83%20increasing%E2%80%83%20capsular%E2%80%83%0Apolysaccharide%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83maintaining%E2%80%83intracellular%E2%80%83ATP%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8E%0AMicrobiol%E2%80%83Spectr%EF%BC%8C2023%EF%BC%8C11%EF%BC%884%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9Ae0003123%EF%BC%8E

14、LIU%E2%80%83B%EF%BC%8CYI%E2%80%83H%EF%BC%8CFANG%E2%80%83J%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EAntimicrobial%E2%80%83%0Aresistance%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83%20risk%E2%80%83factors%E2%80%83for%E2%80%83mortality%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83pneumonia%E2%80%83%0Acaused%E2%80%83by%E2%80%83Klebsiella%E2%80%83pneumoniae%E2%80%83among%E2%80%83diabetics%EF%BC%9A%0AA%E2%80%83retrospective%E2%80%83study%E2%80%83conducted%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83Shanghai%EF%BC%8CChina%0A%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EInfect%E2%80%83Drug%E2%80%83Resist%EF%BC%8C2019%EF%BC%8812%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A1089-1098%EF%BC%8E

15、CHEN%E2%80%83J%EF%BC%8CXIA%E2%80%83B%EF%BC%8CLIU%E2%80%83Y%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EClinical%E2%80%83outcomes%E2%80%83%0Aand%E2%80%83%20safety%E2%80%83%20of%E2%80%83%20polymyxin%E2%80%83%20B%E2%80%83%20ve%20rsus%E2%80%83%20tigecycline%E2%80%83%0Acombination%E2%80%83therapy%E2%80%83for%E2%80%83pneumonia%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83carbapenem%02resistant%E2%80%83Klebsiella%E2%80%83pneumoniae%EF%BC%9AA%E2%80%83%20retrospective%E2%80%83%0Acohort%E2%80%83study%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EAnn%E2%80%83Med%EF%BC%8C2024%EF%BC%8C56%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%0A2397087%EF%BC%8E

16、CUI%E2%80%83Z%EF%BC%8CWANG%E2%80%83L%EF%BC%8CFENG%E2%80%83M%EF%BC%8ECli%20ni%20c%20al%20%E2%80%83%20a%20n%20d%E2%80%83%0Aepidemiological%E2%80%83characteristics%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83carbapenem-resistant%E2%80%83%0Aklebsiella%E2%80%83pneumoniae%E2%80%83infections%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83a%E2%80%83tertiary%E2%80%83hospital%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83%0AChina%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EMicrob%E2%80%83Drug%E2%80%83Resist%EF%BC%8C2023%EF%BC%8C29%EF%BC%889%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A401-406%EF%BC%8E

17、FU%E2%80%83Q%EF%BC%8CLIU%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8CHU%E2%80%83P%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EDiclofenac%E2%80%83%20sodium%E2%80%83%0Arestores%E2%80%83the%E2%80%83sensitivity%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83colistin-resistant%E2%80%83gram%02negative%E2%80%83bacteria%E2%80%83to%E2%80%83colistin%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EACS%E2%80%83Infect%E2%80%83Dis%EF%BC%8C%0A2024%EF%BC%8C10%EF%BC%888%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A2860-2869%EF%BC%8E

18、T%C3%9CZEMEN%E2%80%83N%E2%80%83%C3%9C%EF%BC%8C%C3%96NAL%E2%80%83U%EF%BC%8CMERDAN%E2%80%83O%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0ASynergistic%E2%80%83antibacterial%E2%80%83activity%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83ceftazidime%02avibactam%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83combination%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83colistin%EF%BC%8Cgentamicin%EF%BC%8C%0Aamikacin%EF%BC%8Cand%E2%80%83fosfomycin%E2%80%83against%E2%80%83carbapenem%02resistant%E2%80%83Klebsiella%E2%80%83pneumoniae%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8ESci%E2%80%83Rep%EF%BC%8C%0A2024%EF%BC%8C14%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A17567%EF%BC%8E

19、GEDEFIE%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8CDEMSIS%E2%80%83W%EF%BC%8CASHAGRIE%E2%80%83M%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0AAcinetobacter%E2%80%83baumannii%E2%80%83biofilm%E2%80%83formation%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83its%E2%80%83role%E2%80%83%0Ain%E2%80%83disease%E2%80%83pathogenesis%EF%BC%9AA%E2%80%83review%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EInfect%E2%80%83Drug%E2%80%83%0AResist%EF%BC%8C2021%EF%BC%8814%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A3711-3719%EF%BC%8E

20、BORAL%E2%80%83B%EF%BC%8CUNALDI%E2%80%83%20%C3%96%EF%BC%8CERGIN%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EA%E2%80%83%0Aprospective%E2%80%83%20multicenter%E2%80%83%20study%E2%80%83%20on%E2%80%83the%E2%80%83%20evaluation%E2%80%83%20of%E2%80%83%0Aantimicrobial%E2%80%83resistance%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83molecular%E2%80%83epidemiology%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83%0Amultidrug-resistant%E2%80%83Acinetobacter%E2%80%83baumannii%E2%80%83infections%E2%80%83%0Ain%E2%80%83intensive%E2%80%83care%E2%80%83units%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83clinical%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83environmental%E2%80%83%0Afeatures%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EAnn%E2%80%83Clin%E2%80%83Microbiol%E2%80%83Antimicrob%EF%BC%8C%0A2019%EF%BC%8C18%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A19%EF%BC%8E

21、HAYAKAWA%E2%80%83K%EF%BC%8CBINH%E2%80%83N%E2%80%83G%EF%BC%8CCO%E2%80%83D%E2%80%83X%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0AClinical%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83microbiological%E2%80%83evaluation%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83ventilator%02associated%E2%80%83%20pneumonia%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83%20an%E2%80%83intensive%E2%80%83%20care%E2%80%83%20unit%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83%0AVietnam%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EInfect%E2%80%83Prev%E2%80%83Pract%EF%BC%8C2023%EF%BC%8C5%EF%BC%884%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%0A100318%EF%BC%8E

22、TAMMA%E2%80%83P%E2%80%83D%EF%BC%8CAITKEN%E2%80%83S%E2%80%83L%EF%BC%8CBONOMO%E2%80%83R%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0AInfectious%E2%80%83Diseases%E2%80%83Society%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83America%E2%80%832023%E2%80%83Guidance%E2%80%83%0Aon%E2%80%83the%E2%80%83Treatment%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83Antimicrobial%E2%80%83Resistant%E2%80%83Gram%02Negative%E2%80%83Infections%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EClin%E2%80%83Infect%E2%80%83Dis%EF%BC%8C2023%EF%BC%9A%0Aciad428%EF%BC%8E

23、SEOK%E2%80%83H%EF%BC%8CCHOI%E2%80%83W%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8CLEE%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EWhat%E2%80%83is%E2%80%83the%E2%80%83%0Aoptimal%E2%80%83antibiotic%E2%80%83treatment%E2%80%83strategy%E2%80%83for%E2%80%83carbapenem%02resistant%E2%80%83Acinetobacter%E2%80%83baumannii%EF%BC%88CRAB%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9AA%E2%80%83%0Amulticentre%E2%80%83study%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83Korea%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EJ%E2%80%83Glob%E2%80%83Antimicrob%E2%80%83%0AResist%EF%BC%8C2021%EF%BC%8824%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A429-439%EF%BC%8E

24、NIU%E2%80%83T%EF%BC%8CLUO%E2%80%83Q%EF%BC%8CLI%E2%80%83Y%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8ECompa%20rison%E2%80%83%20of%E2%80%83%0Atigecycline%E2%80%83%20or%E2%80%83%20cefoperazone%2Fsulbactam%E2%80%83therapy%E2%80%83for%E2%80%83%0Abloodstream%E2%80%83infection%E2%80%83%20due%E2%80%83to%E2%80%83%20carbapenem-resistant%E2%80%83%0Aacinetobacter%E2%80%83baumannii%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EAntimicrob%E2%80%83Resist%E2%80%83%0AInfect%E2%80%83Control%EF%BC%8C2019%EF%BC%888%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A52%EF%BC%8E

25、KAYE%E2%80%83K%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8CSHORR%E2%80%83A%E2%80%83F%EF%BC%8CWUNDERINK%E2%80%83R%E2%80%83G%EF%BC%8C%0Aet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EEfficacy%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83%20safety%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83%20sulbactam-durlobactam%E2%80%83%0Aversus%E2%80%83colistin%E2%80%83for%E2%80%83the%E2%80%83treatment%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83patients%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83serious%E2%80%83infections%E2%80%83caused%E2%80%83by%E2%80%83Acinetobacter%E2%80%83baumannii%02calcoaceticus%E2%80%83complex%EF%BC%9AA%E2%80%83multicentre%EF%BC%8Crandomised%EF%BC%8C%0Aactive-controlled%EF%BC%8Cphase%E2%80%833%EF%BC%8Cnon-inferiority%E2%80%83clinical%E2%80%83%0Atrial%EF%BC%88ATTACK%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8ELancet%E2%80%83Infect%E2%80%83Dis%EF%BC%8C2023%EF%BC%8C%0A23%EF%BC%889%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A1072-1084%EF%BC%8E

26、ZHAN%E2%80%83Y%EF%BC%8CMAO%E2%80%83W%EF%BC%8CZHAO%E2%80%83C%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EComparison%E2%80%83%0Aof%E2%80%83%20cefiderocol%E2%80%83%20and%E2%80%83%20colistin-based%E2%80%83%20regimens%E2%80%83for%E2%80%83the%E2%80%83%0Atreatment%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83severe%E2%80%83infections%E2%80%83caused%E2%80%83by%E2%80%83carbapenem%02resistant%E2%80%83Acinetobacter%E2%80%83baumannii%EF%BC%9AA%E2%80%83%20systematic%E2%80%83%0Areview%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83meta-analysis%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83trial%E2%80%83sequential%E2%80%83analysis%0A%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EBMC%E2%80%83Infect%E2%80%83Dis%EF%BC%8C2024%EF%BC%8C24%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A967%EF%BC%8E

27、%E2%80%83RAO%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8CBETANCOURT-GARCIA%E2%80%83M%EF%BC%8CKARE%02OPANEYE%E2%80%83Y%E2%80%83O%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8ECritically%E2%80%83%20Ill%E2%80%83%20patient%E2%80%83%20with%E2%80%83%0Amultidrug-resistant%E2%80%83acinetobacter%E2%80%83baumannii%E2%80%83respiratory%E2%80%83%0Ainfection%E2%80%83%20successfully%E2%80%83treated%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83intravenous%E2%80%83%20and%E2%80%83%0Anebulized%E2%80%83bacteriophage%E2%80%83therapy%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EAntimicrob%E2%80%83%0AAgents%E2%80%83Chemother%EF%BC%8C2022%EF%BC%8C66%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9Ae0082421%EF%BC%8E

28、CASTELLANOS%E2%80%83N%EF%BC%8CNAKANOUCHI%E2%80%83J%EF%BC%8CY%C3%9CZEN%E2%80%83D%E2%80%83%0AI%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EA%E2%80%83%20study%E2%80%83%20on%E2%80%83%20acinetobacter%E2%80%83%20baumannii%E2%80%83%20and%E2%80%83%0Astaphylococcus%E2%80%83%20aureus%E2%80%83%20strains%E2%80%83%20recovered%E2%80%83from%E2%80%83the%E2%80%83%0Asame%E2%80%83infection%E2%80%83site%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83a%E2%80%83diabetic%E2%80%83patient%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8ECurr%E2%80%83%0AMicrobiol%EF%BC%8C2019%EF%BC%8C76%EF%BC%887%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A842-847%EF%BC%8E

29、KRISHNAN%E2%80%83M%EF%BC%8CCHOI%E2%80%83J%EF%BC%8CJANG%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EAntiseptic%E2%80%83%0A9-Meric%E2%80%83peptide%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83potency%E2%80%83against%E2%80%83carbapenem%02resistant%E2%80%83acinetobacter%E2%80%83baumannii%E2%80%83infection%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EInt%E2%80%83%0AJ%E2%80%83Mol%E2%80%83Sci%EF%BC%8C2021%EF%BC%8C22%EF%BC%8822%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A12520%EF%BC%8E

30、LEUNG%E2%80%83C%E2%80%83H%EF%BC%8CLIU%E2%80%83C%E2%80%83P%EF%BC%8EDiabetic%E2%80%83%20status%E2%80%83%20and%E2%80%83the%E2%80%83%0Arelationship%E2%80%83%20of%E2%80%83%20blood%E2%80%83%20glucose%E2%80%83to%E2%80%83mortality%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83%20adults%E2%80%83%0Awith%E2%80%83carbapenem-resistant%E2%80%83Acinetobacter%E2%80%83%20baumannii%E2%80%83%0Acomplex%E2%80%83bacteremia%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EJ%E2%80%83%20Microbiol%E2%80%83%20Immunol%E2%80%83%0AInfect%EF%BC%8C2019%EF%BC%8C52%EF%BC%884%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A654-662%EF%BC%8E

31、%E2%80%83%20SURESH%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8CNAIK%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8CPREMANATH%E2%80%83R%EF%BC%8EGlucose%02induced%E2%80%83enhanced%E2%80%83virulence%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83strains%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83multidrug%02resistant%E2%80%83pseudomonas%E2%80%83aeruginosa%E2%80%83isolated%E2%80%83from%E2%80%83diabetic%E2%80%83%0Apatients%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8ECurr%E2%80%83Microbiol%EF%BC%8C2023%EF%BC%8C80%EF%BC%883%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%0A100%EF%BC%8E

32、YU%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8CXU%E2%80%83C%EF%BC%8CTANG%E2%80%83X%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EExendin-4%E2%80%83blockade%E2%80%83%0Aof%E2%80%83%20T1R2%2FT1R3%E2%80%83%20activation%E2%80%83%20improves%E2%80%83%20Pseudomonas%E2%80%83%0Aaeruginosa-related%E2%80%83pneumonia%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83an%E2%80%83animal%E2%80%83model%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83%0Achemically%E2%80%83induced%E2%80%83diabetes%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EInflamm%E2%80%83Res%EF%BC%8C%0A2024%EF%BC%8C73%EF%BC%887%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A1185-1201%EF%BC%8E

33、SHE%E2%80%83P%EF%BC%8CWANG%E2%80%83Y%EF%BC%8CLIU%E2%80%83Y%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EEffect%20s%E2%80%83%20of%E2%80%83%0Aexogenous%E2%80%83%20glucose%E2%80%83%20on%E2%80%83%20Pseudomonas%E2%80%83%20aeruginosa%E2%80%83%0Abiofilm%E2%80%83formation%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83antibiotic%E2%80%83resistance%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8E%0AMicrobiologyopen%EF%BC%8C2019%EF%BC%8C8%EF%BC%8812%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9Ae933%EF%BC%8E

34、CHEN%E2%80%83T%EF%BC%8CXU%E2%80%83Y%EF%BC%8CXU%E2%80%83W%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EHypertonic%E2%80%83glucose%E2%80%83%0Ainhibits%E2%80%83%20growth%E2%80%83%20and%E2%80%83%20attenuates%E2%80%83%20virulence%E2%80%83factors%E2%80%83%20of%E2%80%83%0Amultidrug-resistant%E2%80%83Pseudomonas%E2%80%83aeruginosa%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8E%0ABMC%E2%80%83Microbiol%EF%BC%8C2020%EF%BC%8C20%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A203%EF%BC%8E

35、%E7%8E%8B%E8%89%B3%EF%BC%8C%E6%9B%B9%E6%B4%AA%E5%85%B5%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%81%E5%A6%8D%EF%BC%8E2%E2%80%83437%E6%A0%AA%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E7%97%85%E5%8E%9F%E8%8F%8C%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%0A%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E8%80%90%E8%8D%AF%E6%80%A7%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%97%85%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97%EF%BC%8C%0A2024%EF%BC%8C19%EF%BC%882%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A209-212%EF%BC%8E

36、%E2%80%83%20TRUONG%E2%80%83C%E2%80%83N%EF%BC%8CCHIN-BECKFORD%E2%80%83N%EF%BC%8CVEGA%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8C%0Aet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EDuration%E2%80%83%20of%E2%80%83%20antibiotic%E2%80%83therapy%E2%80%83for%E2%80%83%20multidrug%E2%80%83%0Aresistant%E2%80%83Pseudomonas%E2%80%83aeruginosa%E2%80%83pneumonia%EF%BC%9AIs%E2%80%83%0Ashorter%E2%80%83truly%E2%80%83better%E2%80%83%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EBMC%E2%80%83Infect%E2%80%83Dis%EF%BC%8C2024%EF%BC%8C24%0A%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A911%EF%BC%8E

37、MIAO%E2%80%83Z%E2%80%83Y%EF%BC%8CZHANG%E2%80%83X%E2%80%83Y%EF%BC%8CLONG%E2%80%83H%E2%80%83Z%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0AHybrids%E2%80%83of%E2%80%833-hydroxypyridin-4%EF%BC%881H%EF%BC%89-ones%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83long%02chain%E2%80%834-aminoquinolines%E2%80%83as%E2%80%83potent%E2%80%83biofilm%E2%80%83inhibitors%E2%80%83%0Aof%E2%80%83pseudomonas%E2%80%83aeruginosa%E2%80%83potentiate%E2%80%83tobramycin%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83%0Apolymyxin%E2%80%83B%E2%80%83activity%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EJ%E2%80%83Med%E2%80%83Chem%EF%BC%8C2024%EF%BC%8C67%0A%EF%BC%8818%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A16835-16857%EF%BC%8E

38、ZAIDAN%E2%80%83I%EF%BC%8CCARVALHO%E2%80%83A%E2%80%83F%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8CGROSSI%E2%80%83L%E2%80%83C%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83%0Aal%EF%BC%8EThe%E2%80%83angiotensin-%EF%BC%881-7%EF%BC%89%2FMasR%E2%80%83%20axis%E2%80%83improves%E2%80%83%0Apneumonia%E2%80%83caused%E2%80%83by%E2%80%83Pseudomonas%E2%80%83aeruginosa%EF%BC%9A%0AExtending%E2%80%83the%E2%80%83therapeutic%E2%80%83window%E2%80%83for%E2%80%83antibiotic%E2%80%83therapy%0A%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EFASEB%E2%80%83J%EF%BC%8C2024%EF%BC%8C38%EF%BC%8818%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9Ae70051%EF%BC%8E

39、MOULE%E2%80%83M%E2%80%83G%EF%BC%8CBENJAMIN%E2%80%83A%E2%80%83B%EF%BC%8CBURGER%E2%80%83M%E2%80%83L%EF%BC%8C%0Aet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EPeptide-mimetic%E2%80%83treatment%E2%80%83%20of%E2%80%83%20Pseudomonas%E2%80%83%0Aaeruginosa%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83a%E2%80%83mouse%E2%80%83model%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83respiratory%E2%80%83infection%0A%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8ECommun%E2%80%83Biol%EF%BC%8C2024%EF%BC%8C7%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A1033%EF%BC%8E

40、GACH%E2%80%83M%E2%80%83W%EF%BC%8CLAZARUS%E2%80%83G%EF%BC%8CSIMADIBRATA%E2%80%83D%E2%80%83M%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83%0Aal%EF%BC%8EAntimicrobial%E2%80%83%20resistance%E2%80%83among%E2%80%83common%E2%80%83bacterial%E2%80%83%0Apathogens%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83Indonesia%EF%BC%9AA%E2%80%83systematic%E2%80%83review%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8E%0ALancet%E2%80%83Reg%E2%80%83Health%E2%80%83Southeast%E2%80%83Asia%EF%BC%8C2024%EF%BC%8826%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%0A100414%EF%BC%8E

41、%E2%80%83GENITO%E2%80%83C%E2%80%83J%EF%BC%8CDARWITZ%E2%80%83B%E2%80%83P%EF%BC%8CGREENWALD%E2%80%83%0AM%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EHyperglycemia%E2%80%83%20potentiates%E2%80%83increased%E2%80%83%0AStaphylococcus%E2%80%83%20aureus%E2%80%83%20virulence%E2%80%83%20and%E2%80%83%20resistance%E2%80%83to%E2%80%83%0Agrowth%E2%80%83inhibition%E2%80%83by%E2%80%83Pseudomonas%E2%80%83aeruginosa%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8E%0AMicrobiol%E2%80%83Spectr%EF%BC%8C2023%EF%BC%8C11%EF%BC%886%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9Ae0229923%EF%BC%8E

42、JING%E2%80%83Q%EF%BC%8CLIU%E2%80%83R%EF%BC%8CJIANG%E2%80%83Q%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EStaphylococcus%E2%80%83%0Aaureus%E2%80%83wraps%E2%80%83around%E2%80%83Candida%E2%80%83albicans%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83synergistically%E2%80%83%0Aescapes%E2%80%83from%E2%80%83Neutrophil%E2%80%83extracellular%E2%80%83traps%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8E%0AFront%E2%80%83Immunol%EF%BC%8C2024%EF%BC%8815%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A1422440%EF%BC%8E

43、MOYA-SALAZAR%E2%80%83J%EF%BC%8CCHAMANA%E2%80%83J%E2%80%83M%EF%BC%8CPORRAS%02RIVERA%E2%80%83D%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EIncrease%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83antibiotic%E2%80%83%20resistance%E2%80%83%0Ain%E2%80%83diabetic%E2%80%83foot%E2%80%83infections%E2%80%83among%E2%80%83peruvian%E2%80%83patients%EF%BC%9A%0AA%E2%80%83single-center%E2%80%83cross-sectional%E2%80%83study%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EFront%E2%80%83Endocrinol%EF%BC%88Lausanne%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%8C2023%EF%BC%8814%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A1267699%EF%BC%8E

44、%E2%80%83%20LIU%E2%80%83W%EF%BC%8CSONG%E2%80%83L%EF%BC%8CSUN%E2%80%83W%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EDistribution%E2%80%83%20of%E2%80%83%0Amicrobes%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83antimicrobial%E2%80%83%20susceptibility%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83%20patients%E2%80%83%0Awith%E2%80%83diabetic%E2%80%83foot%E2%80%83infections%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83South%E2%80%83China%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8E%0AFront%E2%80%83Endocrinol%EF%BC%88Lausanne%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%8C2023%EF%BC%8814%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%0A1113622%EF%BC%8E

45、范亚新．万古霉素治疗严重耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染的治疗药物监测：2020年美国卫生系统药师协会、美国感染病学会、儿童感染性疾病学会和感染病药师学会更新修订的共识指南［J］．中国感染与化疗杂志，2021，21（3）：374-376．

46、%E2%80%83%20KOZIE%C5%84%20%C5%81%EF%BC%8CPOLICHT%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8CHECZKO%E2%80%83P%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EPDIA%E2%80%83%0Aiminosugar%E2%80%83influence%E2%80%83on%E2%80%83subcutaneous%E2%80%83Staphylococcus%E2%80%83%0Aaureus%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83Pseudomonas%E2%80%83aeruginosa%E2%80%83infections%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83mice%0A%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EFront%E2%80%83Cell%E2%80%83Infect%E2%80%83Microbiol%EF%BC%8C2024%EF%BC%8814%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%0A1395577%EF%BC%8E

47、FUKUDA%E2%80%83H%EF%BC%8CONIZUKA%E2%80%83H%EF%BC%8CNISHIMURA%E2%80%83N%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0ARisk%E2%80%83factors%E2%80%83for%E2%80%83pneumococcal%E2%80%83disease%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83persons%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83%0Achronic%E2%80%83medical%E2%80%83conditions%EF%BC%9AResults%E2%80%83from%E2%80%83the%E2%80%83LIFE%E2%80%83%0AStudy%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EInt%E2%80%83J%E2%80%83Infect%E2%80%83Dis%EF%BC%8C2022%EF%BC%88116%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A216-%0A222%EF%BC%8E

48、SUNDARAMURTHY%E2%80%83S%E2%80%83S%E2%80%83R%EF%BC%8CALLEN%E2%80%83K%E2%80%83E%EF%BC%8C%0AFLETCHER%E2%80%83M%E2%80%83A%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8ERetrospective%E2%80%83%20database%E2%80%83%0Aanalysis%E2%80%83for%E2%80%83clinical%E2%80%83%20diagnoses%E2%80%83commonly%E2%80%83associated%E2%80%83%0Awith%E2%80%83pneumococcal%E2%80%83diseases%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83the%E2%80%83Malaysian%E2%80%83healthcare%E2%80%83%0Asystem%E2%80%83over%E2%80%83a%E2%80%833-year%E2%80%83period%EF%BC%882013-2015%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8E%0ABMC%E2%80%83Infect%E2%80%83Dis%EF%BC%8C2024%EF%BC%8C24%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A79%EF%BC%8E

49、MIAO%E2%80%83C%EF%BC%8CYAN%E2%80%83Z%EF%BC%8CCHEN%E2%80%83C%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8ESerotype%EF%BC%8C%0Aa%20nti%20bi%20oti%20c%E2%80%83%20s%20u%20s%20c%20e%20pti%20bilit%20y%E2%80%83%20a%20n%20d%E2%80%83%20w%20h%20ol%20e%20-%20g%20e%20n%20om%20e%E2%80%83%0Acharacterization%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83Streptococcus%E2%80%83pneumoniae%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83all%E2%80%83age%E2%80%83%0Agroups%E2%80%83living%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83Southwest%E2%80%83China%E2%80%83during%E2%80%832018-2022%0A%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EFront%E2%80%83Microbiol%EF%BC%8C2024%EF%BC%8815%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A1342839%EF%BC%8E

50、李艳明，陈丽华，付陈超，等．湖南省细菌耐药监测网2012—2021年呼吸道分离菌耐药性监测［J］．中国感染控制杂志，2024，23（4）：429-441．

51、MOHANTY%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8CJOHNSON%E2%80%83K%E2%80%83D%EF%BC%8CYU%E2%80%83K%E2%80%83C%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8E%0AA%E2%80%83multicenter%E2%80%83%20evaluation%E2%80%83%20of%E2%80%83trends%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83%20antimicrobial%E2%80%83%0Aresistance%E2%80%83among%E2%80%83%20Streptococcus%E2%80%83%20pneumoniae%E2%80%83isolates%E2%80%83%0Afrom%E2%80%83adults%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83the%E2%80%83United%E2%80%83States%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EOpen%E2%80%83Forum%E2%80%83%0AInfect%E2%80%83Dis%EF%BC%8C2022%EF%BC%8C9%EF%BC%889%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9Aofac420%EF%BC%8E

52、MARAKI%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8CMAVROMANOLAKI%E2%80%83V%E2%80%83E%EF%BC%8CSTAFYLAKI%E2%80%83%0AD%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EAntimicrobial%E2%80%83%20resistance%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83%20Streptococcus%E2%80%83%0Apneumoniae%E2%80%83clinical%E2%80%83serotypes%E2%80%83between%E2%80%832017%E2%80%83and%E2%80%832022%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83Crete%EF%BC%8CGreece%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EInfect%E2%80%83Chemother%EF%BC%8C2024%EF%BC%8C%0A56%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A73-82%EF%BC%8E

53、%E2%80%83%20KIM%E2%80%83G%E2%80%83R%EF%BC%8CKIM%E2%80%83E%E2%80%83Y%EF%BC%8CKIM%E2%80%83S%E2%80%83H%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8ESerotype%E2%80%83%0Adistribution%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83antimicrobial%E2%80%83resistance%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83Streptococcus%E2%80%83%0Apneumoniae%E2%80%83causing%E2%80%83invasive%E2%80%83pneumococcal%E2%80%83disease%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83%0AKorea%E2%80%83between%E2%80%832017%E2%80%83and%E2%80%832019%E2%80%83after%E2%80%83introduction%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83the%E2%80%83%0A13-valent%E2%80%83pneumococcal%E2%80%83conjugate%E2%80%83vaccine%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EAnn%E2%80%83%0ALab%E2%80%83Med%EF%BC%8C2023%EF%BC%8C43%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A45-54%EF%BC%8E

54、LAO%E2%80%83M%EF%BC%8CLI%E2%80%83C%EF%BC%8CLI%E2%80%83J%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EOpportunistic%E2%80%83invasive%E2%80%83%0Afungal%E2%80%83disease%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83patients%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83type%E2%80%832%E2%80%83diabetes%E2%80%83mellitus%E2%80%83%0Afrom%E2%80%83Southern%E2%80%83China%EF%BC%9AClinical%E2%80%83features%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83associated%E2%80%83%0Afactors%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EJ%E2%80%83Diabetes%E2%80%83Investig%EF%BC%8C2020%EF%BC%8C11%EF%BC%883%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%0A731-744%EF%BC%8E

55、JIM%C3%89NEZ-ESCUTIA%E2%80%83R%EF%BC%8CVARGAS-ALCANTAR%E2%80%83D%EF%BC%8C%0AFLORES-ESPINOSA%E2%80%83P%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EHigh%E2%80%83glucose%E2%80%83promotes%E2%80%83%0Ainflammation%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83weakens%E2%80%83placental%E2%80%83defenses%E2%80%83against%E2%80%83E%EF%BC%8E%0Acoli%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8Eagalactiae%E2%80%83infection%EF%BC%9AProtective%E2%80%83%20role%E2%80%83%20of%E2%80%83%0Ainsulin%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83metformin%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EInt%E2%80%83J%E2%80%83Mol%E2%80%83Sci%EF%BC%8C2023%EF%BC%8C24%0A%EF%BC%886%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A5243%EF%BC%8E

56、CHEN%E2%80%83H%E2%80%83H%EF%BC%8CCHEN%E2%80%83C%E2%80%83C%EF%BC%8CHO%E2%80%83C%E2%80%83W%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EDipeptidyl%E2%80%83%0Apeptidase-4%E2%80%83%20inhibitor%E2%80%83%20treatment%E2%80%83%20could%E2%80%83%20decrease%E2%80%83%0AKlebsiella%E2%80%83pneumoniae%E2%80%83pneumonia%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83patients%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83type%E2%80%83%0A2%E2%80%83diabetes%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EPostgrad%E2%80%83Med%EF%BC%8C2020%EF%BC%8C132%EF%BC%888%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%0A714-719%EF%BC%8E

57、LIU%E2%80%83L%EF%BC%8CFAN%E2%80%83H%EF%BC%8CLI%E2%80%83L%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EAcarbose%E2%80%83%20reduces%E2%80%83%0APseudomonas%E2%80%83aeruginosa%E2%80%83%20respiratory%E2%80%83tract%E2%80%83infection%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83%0Atype%E2%80%832%E2%80%83diabetic%E2%80%83mice%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8ERespir%E2%80%83Res%EF%BC%8C2023%EF%BC%8C24%0A%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A312%EF%BC%8E

58、%E2%80%83%20GU%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8CFAN%E2%80%83B%EF%BC%8CWAN%E2%80%83F%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EAntibacterial%E2%80%83activity%E2%80%83%0Aand%E2%80%83mechanism%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83canagliflozin%E2%80%83against%E2%80%83methicillin%02resistant%E2%80%83staphylococcus%E2%80%83aureus%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EMolecules%EF%BC%8C%0A2023%EF%BC%8C28%EF%BC%8815%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A5668%EF%BC%8E

59、LEE%E2%80%83J%E2%80%83Y%EF%BC%8CKIM%E2%80%83E%E2%80%83S%EF%BC%8CCHANG%E2%80%83E%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EClinical%E2%80%83%0Aimpact%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83metformin%E2%80%83exposure%E2%80%83%20during%E2%80%83%20Staphylococcus%E2%80%83%0Aaureus%E2%80%83bacteremia%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83patients%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83diabetes%E2%80%83mellitus%0A%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EEur%E2%80%83J%E2%80%83Clin%E2%80%83Microbiol%E2%80%83Infect%E2%80%83Dis%EF%BC%8C2023%EF%BC%8C42%0A%EF%BC%8812%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A1439-1447%EF%BC%8E

60、NI%E2%80%83L%EF%BC%8CLI%E2%80%83Y%EF%BC%8CZHANG%E2%80%83H%EF%BC%8Cet%E2%80%83al%EF%BC%8EThe%E2%80%83combination%E2%80%83of%E2%80%83%0Ainsulin%E2%80%83and%E2%80%83linezolid%E2%80%83ameliorates%E2%80%83Staphylococcus%E2%80%83aureus%E2%80%83%0Apneumonia%E2%80%83in%E2%80%83individuals%E2%80%83with%E2%80%83diabetes%E2%80%83via%E2%80%83the%E2%80%83TLR2%2F%0AMAPKs%2FNLRP3%E2%80%83pathway%EF%BC%BBJ%EF%BC%BD%EF%BC%8EInt%E2%80%83J%E2%80%83Biol%E2%80%83Macromol%EF%BC%8C%0A2023%EF%BC%8C242%EF%BC%88Pt%E2%80%831%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A124750%EF%BC%8E

1、新疆维吾尔自治区科技计划项目（2021D01C436）()