Parkinson’s disease（PD）is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide，characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta．Traditional treatments，primarily involving levodopa for dopamine replacement，offer limited efficacy and associated with significant side effects．Cell replacement therapies aimed at replenishing dopaminergic neurons provide a promising long-term solution to neuronal loss，with substantial clinical significance．The initial successful cellular source for transplantation in PD research was fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue．Nevertheless，advancements in reprogramming technologies have increasingly favored the use of human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells．Additionally，direct in vivo reprogramming，converting glial cells into dopaminergic neurons，has emerged as an alternative strategy for cell replacement therapy．This review systematically summarizes the recent advances and challenges in cell replacement therapies for PD，with the aim of providing insights and guidance for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the PD．
