目的 总结儿童嗜酸细胞性胃肠炎（EG）的临床表现、内镜检查和病理学特点、治疗和预后。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月—2022年12月滨州医学院附属医院儿科确诊的48例EG患儿临床资料,包括临床症状、实验室检查、影像学检查、内镜和病理学检查、治疗和随访情况。结果 48例患儿中,男26例（54.17%）,女22例（45.83%）,中位年龄7.8岁,20例（41.67%）患儿有过敏史或家族史,临床症状主要有腹痛（34例,70.83%）、腹泻（18例,37.5%）和腹胀（12例,25%）。外周血嗜酸性粒细胞（EOS）升高36例（75%）,血清总IgE升高14例（29.17%）。48例行胃镜检查,最常见的表现是黏膜充血水肿（32例,66.67%）、点状红斑（28例,58.33%）和糜烂（22例,45.83%）,28例行结肠镜检查,表现为黏膜充血水肿（18例,64.29%）、点状红斑（15例,53.57%）和结节样隆起（12例,42.86%）。黏膜组织病理表现为大量EOS浸润,主要累及十二指肠降部、胃窦和回肠末端。所有患儿均采用饮食干预的治疗,6例（12.5%）单纯饮食干预治疗后好转,16例（33.33%）孟鲁司特钠、酮替芬、奥美拉唑治疗后好转,26例（54.17%）联合泼尼松治疗后好转,随访10个月~3年,8例（16.67%）停药后复发,再次治疗后好转。结论 儿童EG临床症状和内镜表现多样化、缺乏特异性,内镜下黏膜组织病理检查有助于确诊。大多数患儿外周血EOS升高,饮食干预和糖皮质激素治疗效果显著,但存在复发的可能,需长期维持治疗和随访。

Objective To summarize the clinical manifestations,endoscopic and pathological features,treatment and prognosis of eosinophilic gastroenteritis（EG）in children．Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out on clinical data of 48 patients with EG diagnosed at the Department of Pediatrics of Binzhou Medical University Hospital from January 2019 to December 2022,including clinical symptoms,laboratory examination,imaging examination,endoscopic and pathological examination,treatment and follow-up．Results A total of 48 patients were included in the analysis,including 26 males（54.17%）and 22 females（45.83%）,with the median age of 7.8 years（7 months to 13 years）．Twenty patients（41.67%）had a history or family history of allergy．The most clinical symptoms were abdominal pain（34 cases,70.83%）,diarrhea（18 cases,37.5%）and abdominal distension（12 cases,25%）．Peripheral blood eosinophils（EOS）increased in 36 cases（75%）,and the serum total IgE increased in 14 cases（29.17%）．48 cases underwent gastroscopy,the most common manifestations were mucosal hyperemia and edema（32 cases,66.67%）,punctate erythema（28 cases,58.33%）and erosion（22 cases,45.83%）．Twenty-eight cases underwent colonoscopy,the manifestations were mucosal hyperemia and edema（18 cases,64.29%）,spotted erythema（15 cases,53.57%）and nodular eminence（12 cases,42.86%）．Mucosal histopathology showed a large number of EOS infiltration,mainly involving the descending duodenum,gastric antrum and terminal ileum．All children were treated with dietary intervention,6 cases（12.5%）were improved after simple diet intervention,16 cases（33.33%）were improved after treatment with montelukast,ketotifen,omeprazole,26 cases（54.17%）were improved after combined treatment with prednisone acetate．Followed up for 10 months to 3 years,8 cases（16.67%）relapsed after drug withdrawal and improved after retreatment．Conclusions The clinical symptoms and endoscopic manifestations of EG in children are diverse and lack of specificity,endoscopic mucosal histopathological examination is helpful for diagnosis．The EOS in peripheral blood of most children increased,diet intervention and glucocorticoid therapy are effective,but there is a possibility of recurrence,which need long-term maintenance treatment and follow-up．

肝内胆管细胞癌（ICC）是发病率仅次于肝细胞癌的肝脏恶性肿瘤,它的恶性程度高、术后易复发,且早期无典型症状,大多数患者在确诊时已处于晚期。诊断主要依赖于增强CT、MRI和实验室检查。肝切除术是ICC首选的治疗方法,完整的切缘阴性切除和保留足够残留肝是影响手术预后的重要因素。淋巴结清扫、卡培他滨辅助化疗已被证实对患者有益。局部治疗、分子靶向治疗、免疫治疗等新疗法发展迅速,为晚期ICC患者带来了希望。传统疗法与新疗法的结合为ICC提供新的诊疗思路。

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma（ICC）is the second most common liver malignancy after hepatocellular carcinoma．It is highly malignant,easy to recur after surgery,and has no typical symptoms in the early stage,and most patients are in the late stage when diagnosed．Diagnosis relies on enhanced CT,MRI and laboratory tests．Hepatectomy is the preferred treatment for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma．Complete resection with negative margin and adequate residual liver preservation are important factors affecting the prognosis of the operation．Lymph node dissection and adjuvant chemotherapy with capecitabine have been shown to be beneficial for patients．The rapid development of new therapies such as local therapy,molecular targeted therapy and immunotherapy has brought hope to patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma．The combination of traditional therapy and new therapy provide a new idea for diagnosis and treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma．

自身免疫性肝炎（AIH）是由不明原因免疫异常引起的急性或慢性肝脏炎症性疾病,不分年龄或性别,影响所有种族群体。AIH如果没有得到及时的治疗,可能会发展为肝硬化、肝衰竭,甚至导致死亡。目前一些诊断评分系统和肝活组织病理检查已成为诊断的标准,然而由于疾病表现的高度异质性,AIH诊断仍很有挑战性。大多数患者最初对一线治疗（糖皮质激素与硫唑嘌呤的联合治疗）有应答,然而,应答欠佳和因不良反应引起的不耐受也不少见,需要二线和（或）三线治疗。本文总结阐述诊断困难、一线药物治疗应答欠佳或不耐受的疑难AIH诊断和管理的最新进展,并归纳了目前国内外关于AIH治疗的新方法,为AIH的临床诊疗提供参考。

Autoimmune hepatitis（AIH）is an acute or chronic inflammatory disease of liver caused by unclear immune response that affects people from all ethnic groups irrespective of age or sex．If left untreated,AIH will lead to cirrhosis,liver failure,or death．A number of diagnostic scoring systems and histopathological examination of liver biopsies are now the standard for diagnosis．However,due to the high heterogeneity of the disease presentation,AIH diagnosing remains challenging．Most patients initially respond to first-line treatment,which is corticosteroids combined with azathioprine．However,insufficient response and intolerance due to side effects are also common,so some patients requires second-and/or third-line therapies．Here we summarized the latest progress in diagnosis and management of AIH with difficult diagnosis,poor response to first-line drug treatment or intolerance,as well as the new methods of AIH treatment worldwide,to provide reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of AIH．

目的 探讨急性胆囊炎患者术后胆管损伤发生的诊治及影响因素分析。方法 随机选取2019年3月—2020年6月经腹腔镜胆囊切除术后发生胆管损伤的86例急性胆囊炎患者作为观察组,另选同期腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗未发生胆管损伤的56例患者作为对照组,观察2组患者的影响因素将其进行对比分析。结果 2组患者病历资料中的胆囊壁厚度≥ 4 mm、Calot三角充血、Calot三角水肿经统计学分析有差异(P＜0.01);手术情况中比较发现,胆囊三角区的解剖变异、术中操作不当、术中经验不足情况,经统计学分析有差异(P＜0.05);胆囊壁厚度≥ 4 mm、Calot三角充血、Calot三角水肿、胆囊三角区的解剖变异、术中操作不当、术中经验不足均为急性胆囊炎术后胆管损伤的独立影响因素(P＜0.05)。结论 急性胆囊炎患者术后发生胆管损伤的影响因素较多,应制定精准化的手术方案,在最大程度上减少胆管损伤的发病率,从而确保手术的安全性。

目的 探讨结核病相关重症患者的诊治特点,提高此类疾病的诊治水平。方法 回顾性分析2020年7月—8月我科收住的4例临床表现类似的结核病相关重症患者的临床资料。结果 4例患者均诊断为活动性结核病或结核潜伏感染,均为合并1个或多个器官功能衰竭的重症患者,均表现为发热、血小板减少、肝肾损伤,经予以个体化的积极抢救治疗,均获得满意疗效。结论 结核病相关重症患者往往病情复杂危重,可能临床特点相似,但实际病因不同,因而治疗重点各异,需临床医生认真剖析病情,找到关键病因,以尽量挽救患者生命。

Objective To explore the characteristics of diagnosis and treatment of severe tuberculosis-related patients and improve diagnosis and treatment of such diseases. Methods Retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 4 severe tuberculosis-related patients with similar clinical symptoms admitted to our department from July to August, 2020. Results All 4 patients were diagnosed as active tuberculosis or latent tuberculosis infection, with one or several organs failure, fever, thrombocytopenia, liver and renal injury. They were given individualized positive rescue treatment, and achieved satisfying outcomes. Conclusions Severe tuberculosis-related patients often have complex and critical conditions, and may have similar clinical characteristics, but the actual causes are different, so the treatment focuses are different. Clinicians need to carefully analyze the condition, find out the key causes, and try to save the lives of patients.

目的 分析闽西南地区在院炎症性肠病患者流行病学资料,从而加强对炎症性肠病的认识。方法 回顾性研究炎症性肠病患者临床特点及用药情况。结果 纳入317例炎症性肠病,克罗恩病占212例,男女之比 2.07:1,溃疡性结肠炎占105例,男女比例1.84:1。克罗恩病患者确诊平均年龄29岁,以患A2型为主,溃疡性结肠炎者确诊平均年龄44岁。女性B2型比例明显高于男性。溃疡性结肠炎患者的病变部位主要为E3型(44.8%)。结论 炎症性肠病患者临床表现多样。克罗恩病确诊年龄主要是A2型, L3型是主要病变部位分型,B2型是疾病行为主要分型。E3型是溃疡性结肠炎患者的主要病变部位。克罗恩病多以免疫抑制剂和生物制剂治疗,糖皮质激素和5-ASA类制剂是轻中度的UC患者主要治疗措施。生物制剂、糖皮质激素治疗多用于重度UC患者。

Objective To analyze the epidemiological data of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)patients in southwest Fujian Province, so as to improve the understanding of IBD. Methods To retrospectively study the clinical characteristics and medication of inflammatory bowel disease patients. Results A total of 317 IBD patients were included.Crohn's disease accounted for 212 cases, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.07:1, and ulcerative colitis accounted for 105 cases, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.84:1.Patients with Crohn's disease were diagnosed at an average age of 29, mainly with type A2, while patients with ulcerative colitis were diagnosed at an average age of 44. The proportion of female with type B2 was significantly higher than that of male.The lesions of ulcerative colitis patients were mainly type E3 (44.8%).Conclusions Patients with IBD had diverse clinical manifestations.The age of diagnosis of Crohn's disease was mainly type A2, type L3 was the main lesion, type B2 was the main disease classification.Crohn's disease was mainly treated with immunosuppressive and biological therapy. Glucocorticoids and 5-ASA were the main treatment for patients with mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis. Biological agents and glucocorticoid therapy were mostly used in severe patients.

目的 分析重症流感相关性脑病患儿的临床特点及诊治要点。方法 回顾性分析2017年5月—2020年4月收入我院PICU的17例重症流感相关性脑病患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 17例患儿中男性10例、女性7例,起病年龄3(2～5)岁。所有患儿均出现发热,1(0～3.5)天后出现神经系统症状,包括惊厥发作(88%)和昏迷(88%)。头颅影像学检查病变主要分布在丘脑、脑干、髓质脑室周围白质,呈对称性和多灶性改变。经颅多普勒检查出现脑血流速度减慢呈震荡波、钉子波的5例患儿均死亡。16例患儿予机械通气,2例予连续性肾替代治疗,死亡8例,存活者出院前均遗留不同程度神经系统损害。结论 儿童重症流感相关性脑病以发热、惊厥和昏迷为主要表现,头颅影像学及脑电图、经颅多普勒等检查有助于早期诊断和预后判断,早期联合应用甲强龙冲击及IVIG的有效性仍需进一步研究。

Objective To analyze the characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of severe influenza-associated encephalopathy in children. Methods The clinical data of 17 children with severe influenza-associated encephalopathy admitted to PICU from May 2017 to April 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Results Among the 17 cases, 10 were male and 7 were female, and the onset age was 3 (2-5) years old. All children developed fever, and neurological symptoms 1 (0-3.5) days later, including seizures (88%) and coma (88%). The lesions were mainly distributed in the thalamus, brainstem and medullary ventricular white matter, showing symmetry and multifocal changes. All the 5 cases with slowed cerebral blood flow velocity and presented shock wave or nail wave died. 16 children were on mechanical ventilation, 2 with continuous renal replacement therapy, and 8 died. All the survivors had varying degrees of neurological damage before discharge. Conclusion Severe influenza-associated encephalopathy of childhood is mainly characterized by fever, convulsions and coma. Cranial imaging, EEG, TCD and other examinations are helpful for early diagnosis and prognosis judgment. The effectiveness of early combined application of methylprednisolone and IVIG still needs further study.

目的 通过分析孤立性蝶窦病变的临床特点,进一步提高早期诊断率及治疗疗效。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月—2019年8月在我科手术的孤立性蝶窦病变的9例患者临床资料,总结分析蝶窦病变的临床症状、鼻窦影像学表现及鼻内镜手术疗效。结果 蝶窦病变平均发病年龄约59.1岁,1例为双侧真菌性蝶窦炎,只有1例首诊于耳鼻喉科,8例患者就诊于神经内科,都以头痛为首发症状,1例鼻流清亮液体,鼻腔异味2例,鼻塞、脓涕1例,嗅觉功能减退1例。不同类型的蝶窦病变影像学表现不同,临床症状不同,绝大多数患者以头痛为首发症状。所有患者均在全身麻醉下行鼻内镜手术。术后随访至少3月以上,术后症状完全消失,无复发病例。结论 头痛是孤立性蝶窦病变最常见的临床特点,鼻窦影像学检查是重要的诊断手段,鼻内镜下经嗅裂蝶筛隐窝进路开放蝶窦是最有效的治疗手段。

Objective By analyzing the clinical characteristics of solitary sphenoid sinus disease,the early diagnosis rate and therapeutic effect can be further improved. Methods The clinical data of 9 patients with isolated sphenoid sinus lesions operated on in our department from January 2019 to August 2019 were retrospectively analyzed,and the clinical symptoms,imaging features of the sinuses and the efficacy of nasal endoscopic surgery were summarized and analyzed. Results The average age of onset of sphenoid sinus lesions was 59.1 years old,1 case was bilateral fungal sphenoid sinusitis,only 1 case was first diagnosed in the department of otolaryngology,8 cases were treated in the department of neurology,all with headache as the first symptom,1 case had clear rhinorrhea,2 cases had nasal odor,1 case had nasal obstruction,1 case had purulent nose,and 1 case had anosmia. The imaging manifestations and clinical symptoms of different types of sphenoid sinus lesions were different,and headache was the first symptom of most patients. All patients underwent nasal endoscopic surgery under general anesthesia. The patients were followed up for at least 3 months after the operation,and the symptoms completely disappeared without recurrence. Conclusion Headache is the most common clinical feature of isolated sphenoid sinus lesions. Imaging examination of the sinus is an important diagnostic method,and endoscopic opening of the sphenoid sinus through the sphenoidal cleft via sphenoidal recess is the most effective treatment method.

目的 探讨肺炎支原体核糖核酸恒温扩增技术(MP RNA-SAT)对儿童社区获得性肺炎(CAP)诊治的价值。方法 选择310例CAP的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)和非肺炎支原体肺炎各155例,比较这两组的MP RNA-SAT和MP-IgM的检测结果。结果 以临床诊断为标准,RNA-SAT的特异度(97.4%)及阳性预测值(92.2%)高于IgM(分别为72.3%、74.4%),而敏感度(30.3%)及阴性预测值(58.3%)则低于IgM(分别为80.6%、78.9%),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);年龄＞3岁、检测前不使用大环内酯类药物以及选择肺泡灌洗液作为检测标本均能提高RNA-SAT的检出率(P＜0.05)。结论 RNA-SAT能特异度识别出MP的活动性感染,联合使用RNA-SAT和IgM检测,能更加快速、准确地诊断MP感染,对儿童肺炎的诊治具有较高的价值。尽量在使用大环内酯类药物治疗前进行RNA-SAT检测,必要时可选择肺泡灌洗液作为检测标本以提高检出率。

Objective To investigate the value of Mycoplasma pneumoniae RNA simultaneous amplification and testing(MP RNA-SAT)in the diagnosis and treatment of community acquired pneumonia(CAP) in children. Methods The clinical data of 310 children with CAP were selected for retrospective analysis,including 155 Mycoplasma pneumonia pneumonia(MPP)and 155 non-MPP,and the results of MP RNA-SAT and MP-IgM in both groups were compared. Results With the results of clinical diagnosis as reference, the specificity (97.4%)or positive predictive value (92.2%)by RNA-SAT was higher than that by IgM (72.3% and 74.4%, respectively), while the sensitivity (30.3%)or negative predictive value (58.3%)was lower than that by IgM (80.6% and 78.9%, respectively).The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Age>3 years, no macrolide treatment before testing, or choosing bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as testing samples, that can improve the detection rate of RNA-SAT(P<0.05). Conclusion RNA-SAT may specifically identify active infection of MP, and the combined use of RNA-SAT and IgM test may more quickly and accurately diagnose infection of MP.It has high value for the diagnosis and treatment of community acquired pneumonia in children. RNA-SAT should be performed before the application of macrolide treatment as early as possible. If necessary, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid could be chosen as testing samples to improve the detection rate of RNA-SAT.

目的 探究S100B蛋白、神经元特异性烯醇化酶与新生儿低血糖脑损伤的诊治相关性。方法 收集2014年1月—2016年12月来我院就诊出现低血糖脑损伤的新生儿116例,设为患病组,首先根据临床表现,分为两组,有低血糖症状组(n=54)和无低血糖症状组(n=62)。两组患儿均给予常规药物治疗,有效患者82例,为有效组,无效患者34例,为无效组。同期收集健康足月的新生儿53例,为健康对照组。患儿均于治疗前、后检测血清S100B蛋白、神经元特异性烯醇化酶水平,健康对照组新生儿也于同一时间点进行相同检测。观察各组新生儿血清S100B蛋白、神经元特异性烯醇化酶水平变化,并探究其水平变化与诊断及治疗效果的相关性。结果 低血糖症状组和无低血糖症状组患儿的血糖水平均低于和健康对照组(P<0.05);低血糖症状组患儿的低血糖扶持续时间高于无低血糖症状组(P<0.05)治疗后,各组的NSE和S100B的蛋白水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。患儿血清NSE和S100B与血糖水平呈负相关(r=-0.131、-0.124、P<0.05),与低血糖持续时间呈正相关(r=0.135、0.129,P<0.05)。结论 血清NSE及S100B与患儿血糖水平相关,可作为新生儿低血糖脑损伤的早期诊断指标。血清NSE及S100B水平与治疗效果存在相关性并为负相关,血清水平越低,患者治疗效果越好。