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2023年7月 第38卷 第7期11
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基于 synNotch 合成受体的逻辑门控策略在肿瘤治疗中的应用与展望

Logic-gated strategies of synthetic Notch(synNotch)receptors in cancer therapy:Applications and future perspectives

来源期刊: 广州医药 | - 发布时间: 收稿时间:2026/7/14 15:34:30 阅读量:916
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关键词:
synNotch逻辑门控CAR-T细胞肿瘤治疗
synNotchlogic-gatedCAR-T cellstumor therapy
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       嵌合抗原受体(CAR)T细胞疗法在血液系统恶性肿瘤中疗效显著,但在实体瘤应用中面临肿瘤异质性、免疫抑制微环境和在靶脱瘤毒性等挑战。合成Notch受体(synNotch)作为一种模块化的跨膜信号传导工具,通过将抗原识别与定制化的转录激活程序人工耦联,赋予T细胞整合多重信号、执行布尔逻辑运算的能力。将synNotch与CAR等效应模块结合,可构建“与”、“非”、“或”等逻辑门控回路,可实现对肿瘤微环境的精确识别与响应,极大提升CAR-T细胞的靶向特异性。本文系统综述了synNotch受体的结构演进与逻辑门控设计原理;重点阐明了其在提升细胞疗法靶向特异性、克服实体瘤抗原异质性、动态调控肿瘤微环境以及扩展至其他免疫细胞工程化领域的最新应用进展,并探讨了当前该技术在载体系统构建、受体信噪比优化等方面面临的挑战及未来的发展方向。
   Chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)T-cell therapy has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in hematological malignancies;however,its application in solid tumors is confronted with significant challenges,including tumor heterogeneity,the immunosuppressive microenvironment,and on-target off-tumor toxicity.As a highly modular transmembrane signal transduction tool,the synthetic Notch(synNotch)receptor innovatively links antigen recognition with customized transcriptional activation programs,thereby empowering T cells with the capacity to integrate multiple signals and perform Boolean logic operations.By combining synNotch with effector modules such as CARs,logic-gated circuits,including AND,NOT,and OR gates,can be constructed,which enables precise discrimination of and response to the tumor microenvironment,substantially enhancing the targeting specificity of CAR-T cells.This review systematically summarizes the structural evolution of synNotch receptors and the principles of logic-gated design.Furthermore,it highlights recent advances in their application for enhancing the targeting specificity of cell-based therapies,overcoming solid tumor antigen heterogeneity,dynamically regulating the tumor microenvironment,and extending to the engineering of other immune cell types.Finally,we discuss current challenges,such as the construction of vector systems and the optimization of receptor signal-to-noise ratios,as well as future directions for this technology.
       王均   华南理工大学生物医学科学与工程学院院长、教授。国家杰出青年基金获得者,英国皇家化学学会会士,国际生物材料科学与工程学会联合会会士,中国生物材料学会首届会士,“万人计划”科技创新领军人才和科技部“中青年科技创新领军人才”入选者。主要从事生物大分子药物、生物材料及递送系统研究,发展了肿瘤微环境响应的递送载体构建技术,研发了用于核酸药物递送的“CLAN”载体平台,和用于抗体药物递送的“纳米适配子”载体技术,在Nat. Biomed. Eng.、Nat. Nanotechnol.、Sci. Transl. Med.、Nat.Commun.、Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.、Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.、J. Am. Chem. Soc.、Adv. Mater.等杂志发表研究论文290余篇,被引用26000余次,H-Index 92;入选科睿唯安“高被引科学家”和爱思唯尔中国高被引学者。研究成果先后获得国家自然科学奖二等奖、教育部自然科学奖一等奖、广东省自然科学奖一等奖等奖励。
       都小姣   华南理工大学医学院教授。主要从事纳米载体设计与药物递送研究。研究成果发表于Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.、Adv. Mater.、Nano Today、ACS Nano、Biomaterials、J.Controlled Release等国际学术期刊,累计发表论文40余篇,申请中国发明专利和PCT专利共计7项,授权5项。主持国家自然科学基金面上项目,作为核心骨干参与国家重点研发计划等,入选广东省“珠江人才计划”高层次人才青年拔尖人才,研究成果获广东省自然科学奖一等奖(第三完成人)。

       嵌合抗原受体(chimeric antigen receptor,CAR)T细胞疗法在血液系统恶性肿瘤治疗中取得了变革性成功,但其在实体瘤中的应用仍面临多重挑战[1,2]。这些挑战源于实体瘤独特的生物学特性:首先,高度免疫抑制的肿瘤微环境限制了CAR-T细胞的浸润、活化和持久性[3,4]。其次,实体瘤普遍缺乏类似CD19那样具备高肿瘤特异性且稳定表达的靶抗原,许多潜在靶点在正常组织中亦有低水平表达,极易引发致命的“在靶脱瘤”毒性。再者,肿瘤内部及不同病灶间的抗原异质性往往导致抗原逃逸和治疗后复发[5]。此外,诸如细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)构成的物理屏障、代谢竞争以及T细胞耗竭等因素,也进一步削弱了CAR-T细胞的疗效[6,7]
       面对这些复杂困境,细胞疗法领域亟需一种能够赋予免疫细胞复杂决策能力与可编程功能输出的新型工程化策略[8,9]。在此背景下,合成Notch受体作为一种高度模块化、可编程的跨膜信号转导工具应运而生[10,11]。synNotch的核心优势在于能够以高度定制化的方式感知特定的细胞外信号,并精确驱动下游转录程序[12,13]。通过将synNotch与CAR等效应模块相结合,可以构建出能够整合多重信号、执行“与”、“非”、“或”等布尔逻辑运算的“智能”T细胞[14,15]。这种策略有望高特异性区分肿瘤与正常组织,克服抗原异质性,并动态调控肿瘤微环境,从而为实体瘤的细胞免疫治疗提供极具前景的解决方案[16,17]

1 synNotch 受体概述与发展

       synNotch受体是在天然Notch信号通路基础上人工设计的工程化跨膜受体系统。天然Notch受体的激活依赖于严格的机械力传导机制:当其与相邻细胞表面的配体结合时,会引发受体的构象改变,暴露出跨膜区原本折叠隐蔽的蛋白水解位点;随后,该位点依次被肿瘤坏死因子α转换酶和γ-分泌酶切割,最终释放胞内结构域进入细胞核调控基因表达。synNotch保留了这一核心的“蛋白水解诱导释放”机制,但将天然的感知与效应模块进行了工程化改造[18-20]
       经典synNotch受体由三个高度模块化的部分组成:一是定制化的胞外抗原识别域,通常采用单链抗体(scFv)以实现对特定肿瘤表面抗原的特异性识别;二是保留自天然Notch的核心跨膜与调控域,负责机械力感知与受体切割;三是人工替换的胞内效应域,通常采用正交的转录因子(如源自酵母的Gal4-VP64或源自细菌的tTA)。这种“感知-响应”的模块化设计,使得synNotch能够将任意可编程的表面抗原识别精准转化为特定的人工基因表达程序[21,22]
       自首次报道以来,synNotch技术经历了多维度的工程化迭代。早期系统虽展现出高效的抗原依赖性激活,但在哺乳动物细胞中存在一定程度的配体非依赖性激活(即“本底泄露”),这在需要高精度的体内疗法中可能引发脱靶风险[23]。为攻克构象稳定性与本底噪音难题,研究者借鉴天然Notch的自我调控机制,在受体胞内域近膜区引入了RAM7结构域(一种能抑制过早切割的保守序列),构建了一种增强型synNotch,将其本底激活水平降低了14.6倍,在维持抗原诱导效率的同时,极大提高了信号传导的信噪比[24]。此外,通过对负调控区进行理性设计与定向进化,研究人员还开发出了“张力调谐(Tension-tuned)”受体,使其能感知不同阈值的细胞间物理张力,进一步拓展了其在机械生物学传感中的应用[25]
       作为合成生物学中的重要工具之一,synNotch的核心优势在于其功能正交性与模块化可扩展性。其信号传导与T细胞内源性信号通路(如激酶级联)基本解耦,能够将短暂的细胞表面识别信号转化为稳定、持久的转录输出,甚至可通过偶联CRISPR/Cas9系统将该信号储存于细胞基因组[26]。更为关键的是,由于其胞内效应域可以驱动任意定制化基因的表达,当其转录输出被设计为另一种效应受体(如CAR)时,即可在单细胞层面构建出基因调控网络。这种将单一抗原识别信号转化为多重信息整合转录输出的能力,正是构建“与”、“非”、“或”等复杂布尔逻辑门控策略的基础,为应对实体瘤治疗中复杂的微环境提供了关键技术支撑[27]

2 synNotch 受体逻辑门控的设计原理与工作机制

       逻辑门控(Logic gating)是突破当前实体瘤细胞疗法关键瓶颈、提升靶向安全性与有效性的核心工程化策略。该策略旨在赋予治疗性细胞整合多重环境输入信号的能力,使其依据布尔逻辑(Boolean logic,即基于多重条件“真/假”组合的运算规则)进行信息处理后,再决定是否激活效应功能[28,29]。如上所述,synNotch受体凭借其将“表面抗原识别”与“内源性信号通路”在功能上解耦、并将识别信号正交耦联至“定制化基因转录输出”的设计,为在活细胞内构建复杂逻辑基因电路(Gene circuits)提供了一个多功能且可扩展的工程化平台。
       最基础且应用最广泛的门控形式是基于串联回路的“与”门,即经典的顺序激活级联转录机[30]。在此设计中,synNotch受体作为感知元件识别肿瘤细胞表面的第一个抗原(抗原A),其激活后诱导针对第二个抗原(抗原B)的CAR在T细胞表面表达;只有当T细胞在同一局部微环境中依次或同时遇到表达抗原A和抗原B的肿瘤细胞时,CAR才会被激活并触发细胞毒性杀伤。这种双抗原识别策略显著降低了对仅表达单一抗原的健康组织的误伤风险。例如,针对异质性较强的胶质母细胞瘤,研究者利用肿瘤特异性但表达不均一的EGFRvIII作为synNotch的启动信号,诱导表达针对肿瘤相关抗原(如野生型EGFR)的CAR。T细胞仅在识别EGFRvIII后才被启动并表达CAR,进而仅在肿瘤局部杀伤那些缺乏EGFRvIII但表达野生型EGFR的残留肿瘤细胞,从而实现对异质性肿瘤的清除。由于野生型EGFR在正常脑组织中亦有低水平表达,这种顺序激活的“与”逻辑有效规避了神经毒性[31]
       在应对具有高脱靶毒性风险的靶点时,研究人员采用“非”门策略主动识别健康组织并终止治疗性细胞的效应功能。目前细胞治疗领域经典的“非”门通常通过共表达一个抑制性CAR(inhibitory CAR,iCAR),用于识别正常组织抗原并传递细胞内的抑制性信号[32]。例如,利用肿瘤细胞常发生HLA-A02杂合性缺失的特点,构建识别HLA-A02的iCAR与识别人表皮生长因子受体2(human epidermal growth factor receptor2,HER2)的激活型CAR组合,以特异性保护HLA-A02阳性的正常细胞[33],并通过组合不同的抑制性结构域精确调控激活信号与抑制信号的动力学平衡。然而,基于synNotch系统的“非”门策略则提供了更上游的转录调控思路:设计由synNotch受体识别健康组织的保护性抗原,其激活后驱动强大的抑制性转录输出,从而终止T细胞的效应功能。例如,诱导表达程序性死亡受体1等抑制性受体的胞内域融合蛋白以拮抗CAR的激活信号;或驱动截短型BH3相互作用域死亡激动剂(tBID)的表达,从而在发生“在靶脱瘤”时诱导该T细胞凋亡[34]
       随着合成生物学元件库的不断丰富,可通过级联多个synNotch受体或与其他环境响应元件融合,构建更复杂的多输入逻辑门(Multi-input logicgates)[35]。例如,将一个synNotch的转录输出设计为驱动另一个synNotch的表达,可构建需要三种抗原同时存在才能激活的“三输入与门”。此外,synNotch的逻辑功能可与肿瘤微环境特有的理化信号整合,构建“情境化与门(Contextual ANDgate)”[36]。例如利用肿瘤部位特有的低pH、缺氧状态或特定酶活性,作为synNotch信号整合的情境化输入信号[37]。也有研究通过生物正交化学反应,将苯甲基鸟嘌呤(BG)标记的抗体共价连接到带有SNAP-tag标记的通用型synNotch受体上,从而允许在工程化细胞回输体内后,通过动态给药不同的靶向抗体来按需重编程T细胞的靶向特异[38]
       这些逻辑门控电路的设计,核心在于将免疫细胞重塑为具备“感知-计算-执行”功能的可编程活体药物平台[39]。通过预设的抗原组合及布尔逻辑运算规则,synNotch系统极大地拓宽了实体瘤治疗中可安全靶向的抗原范围,使部分因在正常组织中存在基础表达而被长期搁置的肿瘤相关抗原,重新成为可行的治疗靶点[40]

3 synNotch 逻辑门控在肿瘤治疗中的应用

3.1  提高靶向特异性与克服抗原异质性

       在实体瘤治疗中,靶抗原在健康组织中的低水平表达是诱发“在靶脱瘤”毒性的主要因素。synNotch介导的诱导型表达策略可将效应模块(如CAR)的活性限制在肿瘤微环境中,从而拓宽治疗窗口。例如,在一项针对受体酪氨酸激酶样孤儿受体1(receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphanreceptor 1,ROR1)的研究中,由于ROR1在骨髓基质细胞中亦有表达,因此组成型表达ROR1的CAR-T细胞会引发致命的骨髓衰竭;然而,研究者通过设计识别EpCAM或B7-H3(均为肿瘤高表达抗原)的synNotch受体作为启动信号,使T细胞仅在肿瘤局部被第一重抗原激活后,才会启动针对ROR1的杀伤效应,从而规避了骨髓毒性[41]类似地,在神经母细胞瘤模型中,研究者利用肿瘤血管内皮细胞上高表达的P-选择素作为synNotch的启动信号,将双唾液酸神经节苷脂2 CAR的表达限制在肿瘤局部,实现了疗效与安全性的平衡[42]
       肿瘤内部及其转移灶之间的抗原表达异质性是细胞疗法的另一个重大挑战,易导致缺乏靶抗原的癌细胞发生“抗原逃逸”。synNotch-CAR回路通过顺序激活策略可有效解决这一难题:在胶质母细胞瘤中,研究者以高度肿瘤特异性但异质性表达的EGFRvIII作为synNotch的输入信号,诱导表达胶质母细胞瘤中均一但非肿瘤绝对特异性抗原(如EphA2和IL13Ra2)的串联型CAR,通过跨杀伤(trans-killing)机制,清除周围缺乏EGFRvIII的异质性残留癌细胞,且未引发显著的“在靶脱瘤”毒性[31]。类似的设计也在结直肠癌治疗中取得成效:通过抗HER2的synNotch诱导抗癌胚抗原的CAR在自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞中表达,实现了对HER2扩增肿瘤的选择性清[43]。这种整合多抗原信号进行决策的能力,不仅解决了靶向选择性精准度的问题,也为进一步突破实体瘤的物理屏障提供了基础。

3.2  重塑肿瘤微环境:诱导局部细胞因子分泌与降解细胞外基质

       免疫抑制性的肿瘤微环境是制约CAR-T细胞在实体瘤中实现持久抗肿瘤功能的关键障碍。借助synNotch系统对T细胞进行功能性重构,使其在识别肿瘤抗原后,能够在肿瘤局部原位分泌免疫调节因子或ECM降解酶,从而主动重塑免疫抑制微环境,将治疗策略从对肿瘤微环境抑制信号的被动耐受提升为对肿瘤微环境的主动重塑与改造[44]
       实体瘤内部往往缺乏足够的共刺激信号和维持T细胞存活的细胞因子,易导致T细胞耗竭。通过在T细胞中引入由肿瘤特异性抗原触发的synNotch-IL-2回路,使T细胞在肿瘤部位自分泌白细胞介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-2),能够有效克服肿瘤微环境中由Tregs和旁观者T细胞介导的IL-2竞争性消耗,以及肿瘤对T细胞激活通路(TCR/CAR)的抑制[45]。局部原位产生的高浓度IL-2不仅显著增强了效应T细胞浸润与扩增,还有效规避了系统性注射IL-2引发的严重全身性毒性。重要的是,这种IL-2信号独立于CAR的激活通路,确保了T细胞即使在缺乏强共刺激信号的条件下仍能有效积聚并维持长效的抗肿瘤活性。
       此外,为突破由致密的ECM构成的物理屏障,研究者设计了能响应肿瘤表面抗原、进而诱导表达ECM降解酶(如基质金属蛋白酶MMP9/MMP12和乙酰肝素酶HPSE)的synNotch-CAR T细[46]。这些ECM降解酶在肿瘤局部定点释放,降解阻碍细胞迁移的基质网络,从而提高了T细胞向实体瘤深层的浸润深度,并增强其杀伤活性和持久性。利用synNotch的高度模块化特性,研究者还将荧光素标记的ECM结合肽(CHP-5-fluorescein)与αFITC(E2)-synNotch受体结合,构建了能够动态感知ECM胶原折叠状态的系统,为实现更精细的生物力学微环境调控提供了新工具[47]

3.3  突破T细胞局限:先天免疫细胞赋能与诊疗一体化

       synNotch受体的逻辑门控与重编程能力并不局限于T细胞,它同样能够赋能其他类型的先天免疫细胞,并在实体瘤的治疗与非侵入性诊断中展现出巨大潜力。
       NK细胞是癌症免疫治疗中的重要效应细胞。最新研究显示,在诱导多能干细胞衍生的NK细胞(induced pluripotent stem cell-derived NK,iPSC-NK)中引入synNotch回路,能够劫持胶质母细胞瘤中高度免疫抑制的TIGIT-CD155信号轴,实现对TIGIT抑制性信号向激活信号的反转[48]。当工程化iPSC-NK细胞通过synNotch受体特异性结合肿瘤表面的CD155时,不仅将原本的抑制性信号转化为激活信号,还能触发下游工程化的转录级联反应,进而诱导抗CD73单链抗体片段(scFv)的原位分泌。该双重靶向策略有效干扰了免疫抑制性腺苷的生成途径,在重塑肿瘤微环境的同时,实现了对肿瘤的有效清除。
       此外,巨噬细胞因其固有的肿瘤归巢能力与实体瘤深层浸润特性,被改造为“细胞型体内传感器”(cell-based in vivo sensor)。研究者开发了synNotch编程的巨噬细胞,使其在识别癌细胞后启动外源性报告基因(如人绒毛膜促性腺激素β亚基5型,hCGB5)的转录表达[49]。分泌至血液循环并经肾脏滤过排入尿液的hCGB5,可通过商用试纸条进行便捷的无创检测,且报告蛋白水平与体内癌细胞负荷呈高度正相关,为基于细胞的肿瘤即时检测(POCT)提供了新的技术路径。需要强调的是,这种基于工程化细胞的无创即时诊断并非孤立的检测手段,它不仅实现了体内肿瘤动态演变的实时监测,更为后续联合治疗的最佳干预时机选择以及最终实现实体瘤的“诊疗一体化”奠定了技术基础。

4 临床转化面临的工程化挑战与破局策略

       尽管synNotch技术在临床前模型中表现出显著疗效并具有应用前景,但目前进入临床试验阶段的synNotch疗法仍十分有限。从小鼠模型向人类高度异质性实体瘤的转化过程中,工程化细胞中多重基因回路在体内的长期稳定性、扩增动力学以及潜在的免疫排异反应,仍面临较大的不确定性。因此,该技术从实验室研究走向临床转化,仍面临一系列工程构建与安全性方面的挑战,亟需多学科协同攻关。
       首先,载体系统的结构优化与组件的人源化是临床转化的首要任务。当前大多依赖多载体系统,工艺复杂且成本高昂,不利于标准化生[50]。开发单载体系统是简化工艺的关键,然而,多重基因回路所包含的较长核酸序列往往接近甚至超过传统病毒载体(如慢病毒或腺相关病毒AAV)的基因装载容量极限。因此,优化病毒包装工艺或开发新型非病毒递送系统(如转座子或脂质纳米颗粒)是未来的重要突破方向[51]同时,寻找并优化完全人源化的受体组件至关重要,模块化的设计框架将加速新型疗法的构建与测试。
       其次,逻辑电路的可靠性提升与多维安全控制是确保临床安全的前提。复杂多输入电路极易面临信号正交性不足与背景信号泄露的风险[52]研究人员需在受体的构象稳定性与激活动力学之间寻求平衡,并借助计算建模预测其在细胞群体异质性背景下的动态行为。在安全性管理上,除了传统的诱导型自杀基因,未来应探索更温和且可逆的控制策略,如小分子药物介导的受体降解[40]或利用外部物理手段(如聚焦超声、光遗传学)实现对治疗活性的非侵入性、时空特异性调控[28,53]
       再次,感知维度的拓展与代谢重编程是提升疗效持久性的关键。synNotch的输入信号正向肿瘤微环境特有的非传统信号扩展,包括低氧、低pH及异常基质力学信号。将逻辑门控与代谢重编程相结合,例如诱导工程化细胞表达特定的代谢调节酶以对抗营养剥夺,将显著增强其在肿瘤微环境中的存活与功能维持[54]。通用型受体平台(如SNAP-synNotch系统)的构建,则为实现临床回输后的靶向动态重定向提供了可能[38]
       最后,人工智能(AI)与合成生物学的深度融合将加速理性设计。借助机器学习,研究者可预测最优的抗原组合及其逻辑门策略、优化单链抗体的亲和力,并预测和模拟复杂回路的动力学行为[55]。这种基于“设计-构建-测试-学习”(DBTL)范式的闭环迭代,有望大幅缩短疗法优化的周期,推动从普适性疗法向个性化精准医疗的转变。

5 结论与展望

       synNotch受体及基于其构建的逻辑门控策略,代表了合成生物学与肿瘤免疫治疗深度融合的范式转变。该技术通过将细胞表面的抗原识别事件与定制化的基因转录输出相耦联,赋予了工程化免疫细胞处理多维信息并执行复杂决策的能力,从而在提升靶向特异性、克服抗原异质性以及重塑免疫抑制微环境等方面,应对工程化免疫细胞治疗实体瘤的关键挑战。
       展望未来,synNotch逻辑门控策略的设计将向更高维度的集成化、情境化与个性化方向演进。它不仅有望作为独立的细胞疗法,也有望与免疫检查点阻断、溶瘤病毒及常规放化疗等现有干预手段形成多维度联合治疗方案。尽管目前在载体工程、电路动态可靠性以及临床转化路径等方面仍面临挑战,但载体系统的开发、微环境响应型受体的构建、通用型适配器平台的建立以及AI辅助的理性设计,正在为克服这些障碍提供可行的解决途径。随着合成生物学技术的进步,由synNotch驱动的下一代细胞疗法将不仅限于作为活细胞药物,而是发展为具备环境感知与反馈调节能力的可编程细胞系统,为难治性疾病的治疗提供更精准、安全的选择,推动精准医学的发展。

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