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2023年7月 第38卷 第7期11
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造血干细胞治疗多囊肾的机制及治疗前景

Mechanisms and therapeutic prospects of hematopoietic stem cells in polycystic kidney disease

来源期刊: 广州医药 | 545-553 发布时间:2026-05-20 收稿时间:2026/7/2 11:18:13 阅读量:1046
作者:
关键词:
多囊肾干细胞造血干细胞间充质干细胞诱导多能干细胞
polycystic kidney diseasestem cellshematopoietic stem cellsmesenchymal stem cellsinduced pluripotent stem cell
DOI:
10. 20223 / j. cnki. 1000-8535. 2026. 05. 002
收稿时间:
2025-04-22 
修订日期:
 
接收日期:
 
引用总数:
0  
       常染色体显性多囊肾病(ADPKD)是导致遗传性肾衰竭的主要病因之一,目前仍缺乏有效的手段来逆转其疾病进展。干细胞疗法因其在组织修复和免疫调节方面的潜力,成为研究的热点领域。本研究系统阐述了造血干细胞(HSCs)通过旁分泌作用、代谢重塑及免疫调控干预ADPKD病理进程的机制,并总结了其在急性肾损伤和慢性肾病中的临床转化证据。此外,文章比较分析了间充质干细胞(MSCs)和诱导多能干细胞(iPSCs)在ADPKD治疗中的独特优势与面临的挑战,为多模态干细胞疗法的开发提供理论支持。
    Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease(ADPKD)stands as a leading cause of inherited renal failure,with current therapeutic strategies lacking effective means to reverse disease progression.Stem cell therapy,owing to its potential in tissue repair and immunomodulation,has emerged as a focal point of research.This review systematically elucidates the mechanisms by which hematopoietic stem cells(HSCs)intervene in ADPKD pathology through paracrine effects,metabolic reprogramming,and immune regulation.Furthermore,it summarizes clinical translational evidence of HSCs in both acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease.This article also comparatively analyzes the unique advantages and challenges of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)and induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)in the context of ADPKD treatment,thereby providing theoretical support for the development of multimodal stem cell therapies.

       梁鸣 广州市第一人民医院肾内科主任,教授,主任医师,博士生导师,博士后合作导师。美国贝勒医学院博士后,广东省杰出青年医学人才,广州市医学重点人才。学术任职:中国研究型医院学会肾脏病学专委会委员、广东省医师协会肾脏内科医师分会常委、广东省医学会肾脏病分会委员、广东省药学会肾脏病用药专家委员会常委、广东省医疗行业协会肾内科分会常委、广东省基层医药学会血液净化专委会副主任委员、广东省临床医学会肾脏病精准诊疗专委会副主任委员、广州市医师协会肾脏内科医师分会主任委员、广州市医学会肾脏病分会副主任委员。研究领域:慢性肾脏病纤维化机制的探讨及动静脉内瘘内膜增生机制及干预治疗的研究。主持国家自然科学基金3项。在国内外核心期刊发表论文50余篇,其中第一作者/通讯作者在JASN、KI等肾脏病领域国际权威期刊发表SCI论文4篇。

        常染色体显性多囊肾病(autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease,ADPKD)是最常见的遗传性肾脏疾病,是终末期肾病(end-stage renal disease,ESRD)主要原因之一[1]。该病由16p13.3位点的PKD1基因或4q21位点的PKD2基因突变引起,这些突变导致多囊蛋白-1(polycystin-1,PC1)或多囊蛋白-2(PC2)功能缺陷,从而引发肾小管上皮细胞增殖失控及囊液异常分泌,最终形成逐渐增大的液性囊肿[2]。患者多在30~50岁间出现临床症状,如高血压、血尿及腰痛等。随着年龄增长,病情逐渐恶化,多数患者在60岁时需要依赖透析或接受肾脏移植以维持生命功能[3]。尽管近年来托伐普坦等药物获批用于延缓囊肿生长并降低年肾脏体积增长率,但因需频繁饮水且存在潜在肝毒性风险,限制了其长期应用[4-5]。此外,肾脏替代治疗亦面临供体短缺和免疫排斥的双重挑战,且5年移植物存活率相对较低[6]。因此,亟需开发能够有效逆转囊肿进展并修复肾功能的创新治疗策略,以改善患者的预后和生活质量(图1)。
20260702173010_3766.png
图1 多囊肾的发病机制
       干细胞凭借其独特的自我更新能力和多向分化潜能,成为修复受损肾脏组织、探索肾脏疾病新疗法的潜在治疗靶点(图2)。其中,造血干细胞(hematopoietic stem cells,HSCs)是一类存在于骨髓中的多能干细胞,具有自我更新、多谱系分化及免疫调节等独特功能,近年来成为肾脏疾病治疗领域的突破性研究方向[7-8]。与依赖单一信号通路抑制的传统药物不同,HSCs通过多维机制干预疾病进程:它们不仅能分化为肾内髓样细胞,直接参与损伤修复和组织再生,还能通过分泌多种生长因子,实现抑制细胞凋亡和促进血管新生的双重作用[9-10]。此外,HSCs还能调节巨噬细胞的平衡,重塑免疫微环境,降低促炎因子白细胞介素6( interleukin-6,IL-6)水平[11]。相较于间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)等其他干细胞类型,HSCs在临床转化中展现出显著优势:自体移植无需长期免疫抑制,且其在血液系统疾病(如白血病)中的长期应用积累了丰富的安全性数据[12-13]。这些独特性使HSCs成为同时靶向囊肿增殖、纤维化及代谢异常的理想干细胞类型。
20260702173438_0078.png
图 2 干细胞的分类
       基于对ADPKD的治疗迫切需求及HSCs的独特潜能,本文旨在系统阐述HSCs干预ADPKD的分子机制,整合近期的临床研究数据,评估综合其治疗效果与安全性,为该领域提供更为系统与科学的理论基础。同时,通过融合基因编辑与生物材料等前沿技术,提出创新性的治疗策略与优化方案,以推动多模态干细胞治疗体系的构建与临床转化,助力实现ADPKD治疗的突破性进展。

1 造血干细胞治疗ADPKD的理论基础

       ADPKD的分子病理特征包括纤毛信号传导缺陷、环状腺苷酸(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)、机制性雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mechanistic target of rapamycin,mTOR)信号通路过度活化、炎症-纤维化轴失调及代谢重编程,为HSCs治疗提供了多靶点干预的科学依据。凭借自身独特的生物学特性,HSCs能够通过多重机制协同作用,精准干预疾病的关键病理环节。以下结合ADPKD的分子机制与HSCs的功能研究,系统探讨其在治疗中的潜力。

1.1 靶向异常增殖:阻断cAMP/mTOR与Wnt通路的协同致瘤效应

       ADPKD中,PC1/PC2复合体功能丧失导致细胞内Ca2+浓度显著降低,解除对腺苷酸环化酶6(adenylate cyclase type 6,AC6)的抑制,使环磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)水平升高,进而激活机制性雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1(mTOR Complex 1,mTORC1)和细胞外信号调节激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinases,ERK)等信号通路,促进囊肿上皮细胞的周期加速[14-15]。相关研究表明,HSCs分泌的条件培养基能够显著下调ERK1/2的磷酸化水平,从而调控细胞周期[16];此外,HSCs可能通过递送抗miR-214,抑制第10号染色体缺失的磷酸酶及张力蛋白同源物(phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10,PTEN)与蛋白质激酶B(protein kinase B,AKT)/mTORC1信号轴的反馈回路,降低肥大蛋白和纤连蛋白表达[17]。值得注意的是,参考其他干细胞的作用机制,HSCs可能通过分泌Wingless/Integrase信号(Wnt)拮抗剂Dickkopf-1(DKK1)能有效阻断β-catenin的核转位,减少D型细胞周期蛋白1(Cyclin D1)和c-Myc原癌蛋白(cellular Myelocytomatosis oncogene)的表达,从而抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路驱动的异常细胞增殖[7,18]。综上所述,HSCs可能通过多维度靶向ADPKD的核心病理轴——Ca2+-cAMP-mTORC1失调与Wnt过度活化,协同抑制囊肿上皮细胞增殖。其机制包括抑制ERK/mTOR通路、阻断Wnt信号及纠正miRNA失衡,共同构建起有效得增殖抑制网络。

1.2 重塑免疫稳态:从炎症风暴到M2/Treg平衡重建

       ADPKD囊肿微环境中,促炎因子如IL-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)招募M1型巨噬细胞浸润,激活转化生长因子-β/Smad3(transforming growth factor-beta/smad3,TGF-β/Smad3)信号通路,导致胶原沉积并促进纤维化[19-20]。研究表明,HSCs可能通过分泌IL-4和IL-13激活巨噬细胞的信号转导和转录激活因子6(signal transducer and activator of transcription 6,STAT6)通路,促进M1向M2表型巨噬细胞转化,减少IL-6和TNF-α释放,从而缓解炎症驱动的纤维化过程[21-22]。此外,HSCs还能通过CD80与细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4,CTLA-4)的相互作用扩增调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Treg),抑制促炎性辅助性T细胞17型(T helper 17 cells,Th17)的活性,重建免疫稳态并减轻组织损伤[23-24]。综上所述,HSCs可通过双重免疫调控机制重塑ADPKD的囊肿微环境:一方面,促进巨噬细胞M2极化,抑制促炎因子的释放;另一方面,调节Treg与Th17细胞的平衡,阻断炎症-纤维化信号的级联反应。该整合性免疫调控策略为靶向ADPKD炎症-纤维化轴提供了新的治疗思路和潜在突破口。

1.3 逆转代谢-纤维化恶性循环:从Warburg效应到基质重塑

       ADPKD囊肿上皮细胞表现出明显的代谢紊乱,主要包括线粒体功能障碍导致ATP生成减少,同时糖酵解增强,引发乳酸大量分泌,导致局部微环境酸化,进一步促进囊肿扩张[7,15]。相关研究表明,HSCs可能通过递送的miR-199a-5p直接靶向降解低氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha,HIF-1α),恢复细胞氧化磷酸化功能,减少乳酸产生,从而逆转代谢失衡[25-27]。此外,在纤维化修复方面,HSCs分泌的基质金属蛋白酶-9(matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9)降解过度沉积的胶原蛋白,同时通过上调组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1,TIMP-1)维持基质代谢平衡,防止过度降解。HSCs通过旁分泌因子血管内皮生长因子A(vascular endothelial growth factor-A,VEGF-A)促进血管新生,改善组织缺氧和营养供应[28-29]。多重机制协同作用,共同抑制纤维化进程,促进组织修复。

2 HSCs治疗其他肾脏疾病的理论与临床基础

       近年来,关于HSCs在急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)、慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)及糖尿病肾脏病(diabetic kidney disease,DKD)中的研究进展,为ADPKD的治疗策略提供了重要的参考和启示。通过对不同类型肾脏疾病的系统分析,本研究深入探讨了HSCs在各类肾脏疾病中的核心作用机制,重点分析其在ADPKD中的潜在治疗价值及创新机制,旨在为优化治疗方案提供理论支持。

2.1 急性肾损伤

       HSCs在AKI中的修复能力已通过多种机制得到验证。Poulsom等[30]从雄性大鼠中分离出表达β-半乳糖苷酶的HSCs,并移植至缺血再灌注损伤的非转基因雌性大鼠体内。在移植4周后,通过X-Gal染色检测到受体肾小管中β-半乳糖苷酶阳性的HSCs,同时PCR检测发现雄性特异性的sry基因及Y染色体,这证实了HSCs参与受损肾组织的替代性修复。Stokman等[31]研究进一步表明,HSCs的保护作用并非来源于其数量的增加,而是通过减少粒细胞向受损肾组织的趋化和浸润,从而降低炎症反应。虽然研究证实HSCs可通过归巢至损伤肾组织并调节局部炎症微环境在AKI中发挥潜在修复作用,但其临床应用仍面临重大挑战:一方面,HSCs相关研究相比MSCs较少,且作用机制尚存在较大争议;另一方面,HSCs移植可能诱发或加重AKI,如造血干细胞移植(hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,HSCT)中的预处理方案可直接损伤肾小管,移植后免疫反应[如移植物抗宿主病(graft-versus-host disease,GVHD)]及相关药物(如钙调磷酸酶抑制剂)可能导致肾功能恶化。为此,未来研究需深入解析HSCs在AKI中的双向调控机制,优化移植策略,包括靶向递送和减轻预处理方案的毒性,同时探索HSCs与MSCs的联合应用,以期在增强治疗效果的同时最大限度降低肾损伤风险,推动HSCs治疗在临床中的安全与有效应用。

2.2 慢性肾脏病

       HSCs在CKD治疗研究中的应用相对有限,国内外研究主要集中在MSCs及诱导多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSCs)上。2022年一项研究显示,iPSC衍生的肾脏类器官成功整合至受损肾脏,促进功能恢复并抑制炎症-纤维化进程;2023年一项临床试验则表明,静脉注射MSCs可显著改善肾功能并减少蛋白尿[32]。2024年发布的一项关于自体干细胞移植治疗研究表明,即使在中重度CKD患者中,移植后肾功能未见显著恶化,且无患者依赖透析,支持自体干细胞移植作为一种安全有效的治疗方法。该自体干细胞移植的安全性为HSCs治疗ADPKD提供了积极的安全性启示,提示HSCs可能耐受多囊肾特有的囊内高压及代谢毒性微环境。然而,HSCs能否靶向纠正PKD1等关键致病基因突变,或通过调节囊周基质的力学特性来重塑病理微环境,仍需深入研究。未来,有望结合类器官共培养模型,系统解析HSCs与囊肿细胞间的动态互作机制,并基于细胞对力学信号的响应开发智能化递送策略,以提升干细胞治疗ADPKD的精准性和效果。

2.3 糖尿病肾病

        在DKD中,干细胞治疗仍主要集中在MSCs。Lee等[33]研究表明,向链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)诱导的糖尿病小鼠心脏内输注人骨髓间充质干细胞(human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells,hBM-MSCs)具有双重治疗效果,不仅能减少肾小球系膜基质沉积,还能促进胰腺损伤修复。同样在STZ模型中,Ezquer等[34]通过注射骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells,BM-MSCs)显著减轻了糖尿病条件下的肾小球硬化及细胞外基质过度沉积,为干细胞疗法在DKD中的潜在益处提供了有力支持。目前尚无研究报道HSCs在DKD中的疗效,其作用通过糖尿病动物模型进行系统验证,重点关注HSCs的归巢效率和治疗安全性。未来研究可进一步探索HSCs与MSCs的联合应用,结合两者的免疫调控和代谢修复优势,以期实现更佳的肾脏保护效果。

3 其他干细胞治疗ADPKD的理论与临床基础

       除HSCs外,MSCs和iPSCs也在ADPKD治疗中显示出潜力,其作用机制与挑战如下。

3.1 间充质干细胞

       MSCs因其机制匹配度高、易操作性及丰富的实证基础,已成为肾脏疾病干细胞治疗中的主流选择。MSCs主要通过分泌多种营养因子和释放细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles,EVs)发挥疗效。作为关键的细胞间通讯媒介,MSCs及其EVs可通过多重机制保护肾脏细胞,如促进血管生成(不依赖HIF-1途径)、调节免疫反应、促进细胞周期、抑制细胞凋亡和纤维化、以及诱导自噬,从而改善肾脏疾病的预后[35]。Franchi等[36]报道,外源性MSCs输注能可恢复多囊肾动物模型的肾功能并改善肾脏血管损伤。一项单臂I期临床研究中,6名ADPKD患者接受体外扩增的BM-MSCs静脉输注,结果显示治疗安全且耐受性良好,但由于样本量小及设计限制,疗效尚未定论[37]
       尽管MSCs在ADPKD治疗中表现出潜在的肾脏保护作用和一定的临床前疗效,其应用仍面临多方面挑战。首先,现有临床研究规模小,欠缺严格对照,难以明确疗效;其次,MSCs在体内归巢效率有限,存活时间短,旁分泌效应存在剂量依赖性,影响疗效持久性。此外,异体MSCs可能引发免疫排斥或异常分化风险,自体MSCs安全性较好,但ADPKD患者基因缺陷可能影响干细胞功能和疗效。综上,虽MSCs具有广泛治疗潜力,但仍需开展大规模、设计更严谨的临床试验,优化细胞制备与递送策略,并评估长期安全性,以推动其在ADPKD治疗中的广泛应用。

3.2 诱导多能干细胞

       iPSC通过体细胞重编程获得,具备分化为三胚层细胞的潜能,来源广泛且免疫原性低,是肾脏再生和修复的重要研究方向。针对难治性肾脏疾病,人类iPSCs(hiPSCs)已被广泛用于疾病建模和药物筛选研究[38]。Annegien团队基于ADPKD患者来源的iPSCs构建了三维肾类器官模型,成功模拟了囊肿发生过程,并发现iPSCs保留肾脏表观遗传记忆,这种内源性“编程优势”显著促进其向功能性肾脏类器官分化[39]。然而,iPSCs衍生的肾祖细胞在纤维化肾脏中的存活率相对较低,且其归巢能力明显弱于HSCs[40]。此外,未完全分化的iPSCs可能引发畸胎瘤,带来潜在的安全隐患尚未彻底解决[41]。尽管iPSCs在体外展示了良好的再生潜力,但相关临床试验尚未启动,相关研究主要停留在基础和体外阶段。

4 临床转化挑战与策略

4.1 核心挑战

       ADPKD干细胞治疗的临床转化面临多重障碍,严重制约了治疗效果和长期疗效。首先,干细胞的归巢效率低下[42]。尽管ADPKD肾脏基质细胞衍生因子-1(stromal cell-derived factor 1,SDF-1)表达升高可能促进囊肿生长,但晚期ADPKD肾脏中SDF-1表达逐渐下降,而作为关键的干细胞归巢因子,其减少直接影响了干细胞的定位效率[43-44]。此外,肾脏纤维化加重导致组织结构阻塞,干细胞迁移受限,进一步降低了早期治疗效果[45]
       其次,长期疗效的可持续性存在问题。患者自身HSCs在疾病状态下端粒缩短,端粒酶活性降低,导致体外扩增能力显著减弱[46]。同时,随着疾病进展,肾脏微环境恶化, M1型巨噬细胞比例上升,炎性因子和IL-6升高,严重损害HSCs的存活和功能[47],导致治疗效果逐渐衰减。
此外,安全性问题不容忽视。长期随访研究显示,HSCs治疗可能增加骨髓异常增生综合征风险,这与体外扩增过程中的遗传不稳定性有关[48-49]。虽然异体HSCs移植可降低免疫排斥反应,但HLA不匹配仍可引发轻度GVHD,限制异基因移植的应用[50-51]

4.2 创新性策略

       针对ADPKD干细胞治疗面临的挑战,多学科协作推动了一系列创新性策略以促进临床转化,主要包括以下三方面:
       4.2.1 基因工程改造 通过基因编辑技术显著增强HSCs功能。利用CRISPR/Cas9技术过表达C-X-C趋化因子受体4型(C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4,CXCR4)基因,可提高HSCs对SDF-1 的敏感性[51-54]。慢病毒转导端粒酶逆转录酶可有效延长HSCs复制寿命,缓解端粒缩短带来的细胞衰老问题[55-56]。近期研究还通过基因修饰表达抗纤维化因子,进一步增强干细胞对抗肾脏纤维化的能力[57]
       4.2.2 生物材料辅助递送 生物材料技术的发展为干细胞递送提供新途径。透明质酸-明胶水凝胶载体可实现对VEGF和胰岛素样生长因子1(insulin-like growth factor 1,IGF-1)的缓释,显著提高HSCs在肾脏组织中的存活率和修复效果[58-59]。结合磁性纳米颗粒标记与外磁场引导技术,实现干细胞精准定位病灶[60-61]。这一靶向递送策略不仅提高干细胞的定位效率,还减少全身分布的副作用[62]
       4.2.3 联合治疗范式 联合用药策略实现了干细胞治疗的协同增效。HSCs联合低剂量托伐普坦治疗可能显著抑制囊肿生长[63-64]。同时,输注IL-10缓释微球可调节免疫微环境,延长M2型巨噬细胞极化时间,减缓炎症对HSCs功能的干扰[65-66]。这种联合治疗范式不仅提高了干细胞的存活率,还显著延长了疗效维持时间。
       这些创新策略从基因改造、递送载体到联合疗法,多维度优化了干细胞功能及治疗环境,为ADPKD干细胞治疗的临床转化指明了新方向。随着高水平研究的深入,该领域有望实现突破性的进展。

5 结 论

       HSCs通过多靶点干预ADPKD的细胞增殖、免疫调节和代谢紊乱,在理论基础和临床研究中均展现出显著的治疗潜力。研究表明,HSCs治疗不仅能有效缩小肾脏体积、改善肾小球滤过率,并具有良好的安全性。相较于MSCs和iPSCs,HSCs凭借其低免疫原性和成熟的临床转化经验,成为目前较为理想的治疗策略。然而,其归巢效率、疗效的持续性以及患者间的个体异质性仍是需克服的关键挑战。

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