Bone marrow suppression after chemotherapy for breast cancer is a common clinical adverse reaction, which seriously affects the treatment compliance and efficacy. Traditional Chinese medicine has formed a systematic prevention and treatment system, with "spleen and kidney deficiency, qi and blood deficiency" as the core pathogenesis, and a diagnosis and treatment model that combines internal and external treatment. Internal treatment adopts decoction, traditional Chinese patent medicines and simple preparations, etc., with the method of strengthening spleen and kidney, supplementing qi and nourishing blood; External treatment is based on the theory of meridians, using acupuncture, moxibustion and other methods to achieve synergistic effects. This article reviews the theory and research progress of traditional Chinese medicine treatment, aiming to provide reference for clinical application and subsequent research.